无公害蔬菜怎么种植 无公害蔬菜畅销海内外市场

　　 　　在2002年潍坊市举办的“名优农产品进京产销对接会”上，“汶水”牌韭菜，经连续10多次的抽检监测顺利过关。中央电视台等多家新闻媒体对此进行了采访报道。高崖无公害韭菜吸引住了爱挑剔的北京人，受到了八里桥等农产品批发市场的关注，赢得了众多商家的青睐和信任，在首都刮起了“绿色旋风”。
　　山东省昌乐县高崖镇盛产瓜菜，素有“菜窝子”的美称。其韭菜生产更具有传统优势，种植面积近1000公顷，是山东省内有名的韭菜基地。近几年高崖镇积极适应中国加入WTO后农业发展面临的新形势，把促进韭菜产业优化升级作为农业结构调整的重点来抓，按照“突出产业特色，打造品牌产品，形成产业链条”的思路，上抓产销龙头，下抓示范基地，大力加强协会组织建设，有力地推动了全镇韭菜生产的标准化、产业化进程。目前，高崖镇已建成无公害韭菜标准化示范基地34公顷，1000公顷的北京绿色蔬菜直供基地正在建设中，“汶水”牌韭菜被国家农业部命名为“无公害农产品”。
　　高崖镇韭菜走标准化生产的路子，是被市场“逼”出来的。韭菜病虫害较多，尤其是韭蛆较难防治，传统防治办法是利用中毒、高残留药物灌根，并配合多种杀菌剂喷雾，进行治蛆及防治灰霉病等多种病害。为达到好的防治效果，通常是超剂量用药，甚至违禁使用高毒农药，造成韭菜中农药残留过高，食用后会导致人体中毒，在市场上一度造成谈“韭”色变的恐慌。“种韭菜人都不敢吃韭菜，没办法，只能用这种办法防治病虫害。”高崖镇种植韭菜面积最大的官庄村干部庞明海道出了心中的无奈，韭菜市场越来越小，产业面临危机，很多村的群众开始刨韭菜改种其他作物。
　　眼看着传统的产业优势日渐衰退，镇政府一班人看在眼里，急在心里，为保住这一辛辛苦苦发展起来的产业，这个镇进行了认真调查研究和分析论证，认为要使韭菜产业重新崛起，必须积极推进标准化种植，不断提高韭菜的质量安全水平。于是他们确立了“品牌化发展，示范化引导，标准化生产，基地化带动”的思路，在徐家庙村规划建设了4公顷无公害韭菜示范基地，聘请专家对土壤结构进行了化验，制定了韭菜生产规范和标准，并严格按照无公害标准实施。为了解决韭蛆危害，他们采用了一种既能改善土壤结构，又能防治病虫害的土壤活化剂，生产出了绿色无公害韭菜，通过了省级技术鉴定。
　　找准了产业发展的方向，高崖镇又围绕提高质量档次、实行规范化管理大做文章。随着韭菜基地的建设规模不断扩大，农民分散生产经营与统一标准化生产之间的矛盾日益突出。为加强对韭菜生产环节的自我约束和技术服务，进一步密切产业链各环节之间的联系，他们积极借鉴外地经验，以示范基地为基础，按照自愿互助的原则，吸收已进园近百户韭农以及邻近村韭农为会员，创建了无公害韭菜产销协会，制定了协会章程，明确了协会组织与会员之间管理与被管理、监督与被监督、制约与被制约的关系。协会在信息咨询、规范经营、调解纠纷、利益共享等方面提供服务，形成了以协会组织为龙头，会员相互督促、共同发展的良好局面。
　　产销企业上联市场下带基地和种植户，是实施农业标准化的重要载体。高崖镇依托示范基地，成立了无公害蔬菜配送中心，对韭菜生产实行“四统一”管理：统一技术规程，统一供应生资，统一质量检测，统一购销。这样既实现了优质优价，又大大提高了群众生产无公害韭菜的积极性。如何实现各环节的有机高效运转？他们尝试成立韭菜产销协会运作模式，收到了良好效果。以基地为基础，吸收园内韭农和邻近韭农为会员，创建组织规范、互相制约、利益共享的无公害韭菜产销协会，通过制定协会章程，签订会员协议，细化分解责权，规范生产经营行为，调解利益纠纷，实现利益共享，为无公害韭菜生产基地健康发展提供了保障。
　　高崖镇通过对示范基地进行市场化运作，已经取得了较为明显的效果。去年基地内韭菜生产直接效益普遍翻番。效益的带动，刺激了韭农生产积极性，现在又有许多种植户纷纷请求加入韭菜产销协会，预计今年无公害韭菜可以达到540公顷规模。无公害韭菜通过认证后，现在技术更加成熟，群众认识程度进一步提高，产品质量将更有保障。通过绿色认证，他们现在又在北京等大中城市的蔬菜市场建立了新的更广泛的合作关系，随着产品质量的逐步提高，闯入了国际市场。
　　
　　Gaoya Town in Changle County of Shandong Province abounds in melons and vegetables and so is popularly known as a veritable “Cornucopia” or “Vegetable Pot.” The planting of Chinese chives is especially famous here. With a plantation area nearly 1,000 hectares, Gaoya is a Chinese chives base famous nationwide.
　　Following the line of “producing brand name products to form industrial chains,” Gaoya is giving priority to the construction of agricultural demonstration bases, marketing, and sales of Chinese chives, and is also making every effort to establish some industrial associations to accelerate the standardization and industrialization in the cultivation of Chinese chives. Thus far, Gaoya has developed roughly 33 hectares of standard demonstration base for planting Chinese chives, while a base of a 1000 hectares is under construction to raise vegetables for the Beijing market. The “Wenshui” brand of Chinese chives has been chosen by the State Ministry of Agriculture as a “Green” Agricultural Product.
　　It is the market that enables Gaoya to follow the production line of standardization. Chinese chives are liable to be consumed by pests. The chives maggot is particularly very difficult to prevent. Furthermore, traditional prevention methods usually utilize highly toxic and persistent pesticides to irrigate the roots of the chives, together with many kinds of spray germicidal agent, to prevent the maggots and gray mold that typically prey on Chinese chives.
　　To effectively prevent the insect pests, an over-dose of pesticide is used too often, and this results in produce which can poison the human bodies of consumers. Thus, no one wanted to buy chives any more. “Even people who planted chives didn’t eat them, since we had no alternative but to adopt this kind of method to prevent insect pests,” said Pang Minghai, a leader from the village of Guangzhuang, which is the largest village in terms of chives planting area in Gaoyao. As a result, when sales decreased, many villagers refused to plant chives any more and turned their attention to planting other kinds of vegetables.
　　Confronting this crisis, after careful investigation, research, and discussion, the town leaders of Gaoya came to realize that in order to revitalize the chives industry in Gaoya, some standardization of planting must be popularized to constantly promote the quality and safety level of chives. For this purpose, they promulgated new concepts centering around “developing brand name products, directing by demonstration, planting in accordance with standards, and promoting by bases.” To carry forward this line, the town government planned and constructed a “green” chives demonstration base with an area of four hectares in the village of Xujiamiao. In this base, through employing specialists to test the soil structure, the regulations and standards concerning “green” chives planting were carefully formulated. To prevent the chives maggot pest, they utilize a kind of active agent in the soil, which not only improves the soil structure but also prevent the pest, thus producing “green” chives.
　　During an agricultural fair to introduce famous and quality products sold to Beijing, which was held by Weifang City several times, beginning in early 2002, the “Wenshui” brand Chinese chives smoothly passed the random tests. Many news media, including CCTV, reported this news. So nowadays, the “green” chives planted in Gaoya have won the trust and favor from both traders and the consumers of Beijing people, who are known to be quite fastidious in choosing items to grace their home dining room tables.

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