历史的翻译

发布时间:2017-02-16 来源: 历史回眸 点击:

历史的翻译篇一:中英文对照-中国历史简介

中国历史简介

Brief History of China

在我国古代,国家有时统一,有时分裂,中国一词的含义在不同时代也不同,大致统一时期略指全国,分裂时多指中原。随着皇帝统治疆土的变化,中国一词所包括的范围也相应有所不同。“中国”这一名称在西周周武王时期意为“中央之国”。相传3000年前,周公在阳城 (今河南登封)用土圭测度日影,测得夏至这一天午时,八尺之表于周围景物均没有日影,便认为这是大地的中心,因此周朝谓之中国。 In ancient China, the National Unity sometimes, and sometimes separatist, the Chinese meaning of the word in different times different, generally refers to a unified national strategy, the split means more when the Central Plains. With the territory of the emperor rule changes, the Chinese word, including its coverage varies accordingly. "China" in the name of King Wu of Zhou period of the Western Zhou Dynasty agreed to "central country." Passed in 3000, the Duke of the Yangcheng (today Henan Dengfeng) with Tugui measure the shadow of the sun, measured Next day noontime, Bachimen's table in the surrounding landscape are not the shadow of the sun, we think this is the center of the earth, so that goes to China.

汉朝以后,虽然有些外族入侵中原后建立的政权也自称“中国”,但是并不代表它们就是中国政权。因为他们这个自称的“中国”通常指地理概念上的“中原”而不是国家意义上的“中国”。即使历史上的某个政

权自称中国政权,也未必代表它就真的是中国政权。根据史料,日本也常常自称“华夏”、“中华”。例如《大日本史》卷117,载奈良时代藤原广嗣在公元740年(唐代开元二十八年)上表日主:“北狄虾夷,西戎隼俗,狼性易乱,野心难驯。往古已来,中国有圣则后服,朝堂有变则先叛”。二战结束,日本天皇在《终战诏书》中还把日本称为“神州”,但是日本和中国显然是两国。判断历史上一个政权是否是中国政权,主要看它与前一个中国政权的关系,是以国内政权更换的形式取代前一个中国政权,还是以外来征服者的姿态取代前一个中国政权。 After the Han Dynasty, although some alien invasion originally established by the regime are calling themselves "Chinese" But this does not mean that the Chinese regime. Because they are the self-styled "China" usually refers to a geographical concept of "heartland," rather than a national sense of "China." Even in the history of any regime claiming the Chinese regime, it does not necessarily mean it really is the Chinese regime. According to historical data, the Japanese are often called himself "China" and "China." For example, "in connection with" Volume 117, Nara era Fujiwara containing widely Nations in the year 740 (Tang Dynasty 1939), Table Main : "Beidi Yezo. Xi Rong Falcon secular and Wolf easy chaotic, difficult to tame ambitions. to have come to ancient China after the St. clothes, Zhutang change, I will rebel. " The end of World War II, the Japanese emperor in "the end of the war rescript" Japan also known as "Divine", but Japan and China is obviously

the two. Historical judgment on whether a regime of the Chinese regime, it's important to see a China with the former regime, on the domestic regime change in the form of a place of the former Chinese regime, or outside conqueror posture to replace the former one Chinese regime. 中国不是一个单纯的地理概念,更是一个民族与文化的概念。中国是华夏汉族建立并以华夏汉族为主体的国家。古代中国人历来就有抵抗外侵、保卫家园的光荣传统,一旦有外族入侵,便会英勇反抗,绝不允许外来入侵者篡夺中华正统的地位。从霍去病的“匈奴未灭,何以家为”,到岳飞的“精忠报国”,每一次遭受外侵,古代中国人都奋起抵抗,无一不验证了这一光荣传统。孔子在论语中评价管仲说:“微管仲,吾其披发左衽矣!”,意思是,有了管仲,华夏没有亡于外族。什么叫“披发左衽”? “披发左衽”的反义词,就是“束发右衽”,也就是华夏汉族的发型服装,是华夏汉族和华夏汉文化的代表。可见,孔子也是把华夏汉族和华夏汉文化视为中华正统,不容外族取代中华正统

历史的翻译

。所谓的“夷狄入中国,则中国之”,这里的“夷狄入中国”指的是归化、内附中国,决不是以外来征服者的姿态征服中国。

China is not simply a geographical concept, it is a national and cultural concept. China is the establishment of China Han Han and China as the main countries. Ancient Chinese people will always resist foreign aggression, defend the homeland's glorious traditions, once the alien invasion, it would heroic resistance never allow foreign invaders usurp China orthodox position. Rock engraving of Huo Qubing "Huns not

extinguished, and why the family", Yue Fei's "Total Loyalty to the country", each from a foreign invasion, Ancient Chinese people rose in resistance, all verified by this glorious tradition. The Analects of Confucius in evaluating Guan Zhong said : "Micro - Guan Zhong, I left their overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair now!" , Which means that with Guan Zhong. China did not perish in the tribe. What is called the "overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair left?" "Disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown" antonyms, "beams the right overlapping part of Chinese gown," which is China's Han hairstyle clothing, China is Han Chinese culture and Chinese representatives. This shows that Confucius was also put China and China Han Han Chinese culture as orthodox and not orthodox tribe replace China. The so-called "barbarians into China, then China", where the "Yellow-China" refers to the naturalization, containing China, is not a foreign conqueror gesture to conquer China.

满清入关,大儒学家顾炎武提出了“亡国”与“亡天下”之辨。他说:“有亡国,有亡天下。亡国与亡天下奚辨?曰:易姓改号,谓之亡国。仁义充塞而至于率兽食人,人将相食,谓之亡天下。”学者黄宗羲所言,“明亡于闯贼,乃亡国也,亡于满清,则亡天下”。“亡天下者,衣冠易改,披发左衽矣”。这里的“亡国”是现代意义上的政权消亡,这里的“亡天下”则是现代意义上的民族国家的沦亡。 历史学家顾诚先生在《南明史》第一章第一节写道:“在汉族官绅看来,大顺政权取代明朝只是“易姓改号”,

朱明王朝的挣扎图存是宗室、皇亲国戚、世袭勋臣之类“肉食者”的事,同一般官绅士民没有多大关系;而满洲贵族的入主中原则是“披发左衽”(剃头改制),“亡天下”了;天下兴亡,匹夫有责,都应当奋起反抗。”可见,明朝的民众,已经把满清入关与以前的改朝换代严格区分开来。以前的改朝换代,只是中国内部的政权更换,满清入关,则被视为外侵。

Enter, Daru Jurists Gu Yanwu the "Nation" and "death" one of ethnicity. He said : "Nation, perish the world. Nation and the world perish 15:20 ethnicity? Said : Yixing change, known as the Nation. Ren injects As for the rate of animal food, will cannibalism, that the world perishes. "scholar Huang Zongxi said, "Ming perish in Chenzei, is also Nation, killed in the Qing Dynasty, the world will perish." "Perish world, attire easy to change, disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown carry." Here, "nation" is a modern sense, the power to vanish, and Here, "the world perish" is a modern sense, the end of the nation-state. Mr. historian GU Cheng "Nanming History" section I wrote the first chapter : "It appears in the Chinese officials, Girdles, Dashun regime replacing only the Ming Dynasty, "Yixing changed," Zhu Ming dynasty in the struggle to survive is the clan, the line. hereditary Xunchen like "Roushizhe" matter with the general Officials Making Christianity is not much; Manchu nobility and entered China principle is "disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown" (barber restructuring), "the world

历史的翻译篇二:历史专业外语翻译

英国革命

英国内战与过渡期

1642至1649年英国发生了两次内战。伴随战争而来的是如此之多的改革建议,小册子,党派及教派的出现,以至于人们很容易忽略掉根本的问题。不过,这基本上包括两个问题:议会与王室的权力对抗问题以及英国国教的改革问题。但是英国的清教徒未能在改革的方式问题上达成一致,并且随着战争的爆发,他们分裂成了多个派别。这其中有两个派别比较突出。受到苏格兰支持的长老会主张英国国教进行长老会式的改革-但仍作为国教,而不允许其它教派的存在。公理会的核心独立派,作为少数派,主张做出有限的容忍并因而获得了众多其它宗派主义者的支持。这些派别斗争在社会领域、经济领域及地理范围方面均超出了英国社会的范围,因而将战争视为是阶级斗争的观点并不准确。从地理范围而言,英国的北部与西部地区支持国王,但这些地区同样存在支持议会的势力。东部和南部地区支持一会,但这里同样也有王室的据点。按照效忠对象的不同,贵族与教士也分为不同的派别,虽然农民与小农场主通常支持王室,而城市商人与工人支持议会,但两个阵营中都有数量众多的对方支持者。

国王在一开始获得了成功,到1644年底,议会阵营似乎将要失败。只有一名议会的军官有效地训练了他的军队从而抵挡住了来自于国王军队的进攻。他就是来自于英国东部的一名地方乡绅,在议会中并不知名的克伦威尔。克伦威尔按照古斯塔夫?阿道弗斯的方式改革

他的轻骑兵部队并向他们灌输宗教意志以鼓舞他们的战斗。结果,当议会阵营在1644年看起来前景黯淡之际,议会转向了克伦威尔与其他新式军官及其所训练的“新式军队”(新模范军)。在新模范军的支持下,议会于1645-46年扭转了局势,连续击败国王的军队,迫使国王投奔苏格兰。第一次内战结束。

随之而来的是一系列复杂的谈判:同往常一样,国王向所有的派别做出许诺,但同时又秘密地向国外寻求一切他所能获得的援助;控制着议会的长老派力图确立一个为苏格兰人、国王及新模范军都能够接受的长老会决议;而由一些宗派主义者控制的新模范军则日益强烈地发出呼声,要求实行宗教宽容以及议会的改革。其中一支激进的力量,称为平等派,由一名勇敢且善辩的新式军官约翰?利尔伯恩所领导,起草了一份《人民公约》作为英国的成文宪法提交给政府。平等派主张议会应建立在比例代表制基础之上,定期举行选举,并尽可能实现所有成年男性的投票权。这是一次民主化运动,他预示了之后在英语世界的民主化的发展趋势,虽然在当时被保皇党人、议会以及清教徒所镇压。到1647年,议会与新模范军之间的猜忌仍在增长,军队诱骗苏格兰人使其将国王交到他们手中,并将查理一世作为他们的囚犯,军队再次掀起了一场反对长老派控制的议会及苏格兰的内战。新模范军再次获得了胜利。他征服了苏格兰,占领了伦敦,并清除了长期议会中敌视独立派的所有议员。在残余议会的支持下,独立党人以叛国罪起诉查理一世,判决他有罪,并将其处死。王后及其他王室成员早已在法国宫廷进行避难。

从1649年至1660年,英国处于受到居于突出地位的新模范军支持的独立派的控制之下,在克伦威尔能够控制的范围之内,他的温和政策是政府的主要政策方针。这十一年的时间是政治上的空位期。直到1653年之时,英国的政体仍然是共和制。君主制以及上议院均被废除,由长期议会中的大约五十名议员组成的残余议会掌握着权力。一直进行抵抗的爱尔兰政府联合苏格兰政府宣称查理二世,即被处死的国王的最年长的儿子,应该继承王位。因而,克伦威尔及其新模范军不得不再次付诸武力。他们残酷的镇压了爱尔兰人的反抗,并再次击败了苏格兰(1649-52).但是军队与议会又一次发生了冲突,1653年4月,克伦威尔解散了残余议会并组建了新政府,确立了护国公制,这也是唯一一个依据成文宪法行使权力的政府。克伦威尔拒绝担任国王,独立派起草了政府约法,规定护国公为行政机构的首脑,还组建了一个委员会以及由有限的选举者所选举产生的议会。但是由于克伦威尔与议会及委员会不断地发生冲突,而且由于独立派(本身由复杂的派系组成)实力弱小并面临着广泛的不满情绪,因而护国公不得不诉诸于军事独裁以保持对局势的控制。事实上,这是克伦威尔的一个悲剧,虽然从一开始他就并未想寻求权力,而是希望实现英国国内的和平,在不诉诸于武力的前提下以和平的方式解决教会与政府之间的矛盾。经过五年的尝试,最终以失败告终。1658年克伦威尔死后,他的儿子理查德?克伦威尔继任护国公。但是理查德并没有军事资历或是威望,而且与其父亲相比,他更缺少对权力的渴望。新模范军的军官密谋反对他,六个月之后他辞去了职务,回归自己的田园。军队

中的官员们开始了激烈的权力之争,最终由蒙克将军夺取了权力,他是克伦威尔在苏格兰最为信任的官员。,蒙克率领军队进入伦敦,重新召开长期议会(成员是那些还活着的议员),并主导了查理二世1660年的回归。斯图亚特王朝的复辟结束了政治上的空位期,一个冷酷且并不明智的王朝开始了统治。内战结束了,但是主要的矛盾仍然悬而未决。

后期的斯图亚特王朝与1688年的光荣革命

查理二世是一位充满活力、英俊潇洒、无忧无虑且令人愉悦的君主,然而流亡的岁月给予了他不惜一切代价以求生存的意志力。他内心里认同君权神授理论,但是环境迫使他不得不接受权力掌握在议会手中的现实——毕竟,是议会赋予了他王位。他的政权必然受到了议会的制约,虽然国王多次试图摆脱在财政上对议会的依赖。或许不可避免的是,清教主义受到了广泛的反对,复辟时期的英国以华丽的戏剧、松散的道德、花花公子及法式情调而闻名。英国国教被重新确立,一系列称之为《克拉伦登法规》的法案剥夺了清教徒在公共场合做礼拜的权利,迫使他们转入地下。但是他们仍然设法以“不服从国教者”而存在,并且所遇到的共同遭遇使得长老派、公理会以及其他人联合了起来,而这在之前之前是不可能发生的。内战时期就曾存在的宪法问题在复辟时期的议会中以党争的形式再次出现。宫廷党,或者说是那些赞同强大王权及支持严厉对待不服从国教者的英国国教的这些人被称为“乡绅党”或是托利党人;那些支持强势议会并主张宽容不服从国教者的那些人被称为辉格党人。但是,到目前为止,两个政党

缺少充分的组织能力进而实行政党制度。

在查理二世统治后期,英国国内弥漫着罗马天主教将要复辟的忧虑。这很大程度上是国王本人的原因。1670年,为了使自己在财政上摆脱对议会的依赖,查理二世与法国的路易十四在两国签署的《多佛条约》中签订了秘密条款。当英国政府正寻求限制路易十四在荷兰及世界其它地方势力之际,英国的国王同意他与他的弟弟约克公爵,在条件允许的情况下将公开支持罗马教会,并将在法国与西班牙及荷兰的战争中支持法国国王。作为回报,路易十四承诺在战争进行之际,每年向查理二世提供20万英镑的援助,并将在英国发生暴乱之际提供军事援助。约克公爵立刻公开表明他对天主教的信仰,而紧接着国王就发布了《信教自由令》,企图通过赋予他们与新教徒同样的自由,以解除对英国天主教徒的约束与限制。但是,圣公会教徒以及新教徒都反对这一提议,议会迫使查理二世于1673年撤销了法令。但这一问题仍在发酵。天主教阴谋事件及关于它的流言在查理二世统治后期仍在继续——这是其继任者失败的原因。

由于1685年去世的查理二世并没有合法的继承人,他的弟弟詹姆士二世便继承了王位。作为一名罗马天主教徒,詹姆士二世很快就因为他采取的一些恢复天主教徒合法信教权的蛮横举措而引起了英国国内舆论的不满与愤怒。1688年6月,他的王后生下了一个儿子,这就将使得一名天主教徒继承英国王位,这一情况的出现导致公众对于国王的不满上升到了一个危险的程度。英国的一些领袖人物邀请詹姆士二世的女婿,荷兰执政奥伦治亲王威廉来英国继承王位。威廉接

历史的翻译篇三:历史翻译

Liu yuan brought forth Han, which opened 16 Country times.

In 304, Liu yuan, a member of Xiongnu nobility, raised an army in Lishi, Shanxi, clamming to be the king of Han. Then in 308, he relocated to Linfen and there he declared himself the founding emperor of Han dynasty.

From then on until the Xianbei Tuoba founded Northern Wei dynasty, northern China had fallen into divided mess for over 136 years. The north national minority built up many countries successively, known to history as "Five Hu Sixteen Countries".

Hu was the call of ethnic minorities, including the peoples categorized as : Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Di, Qiang and other ethnics. The Royal of Jin dynasty was full of corruption and dark politics, under its oppression for a long time, these national minorities’ grievances accumulated deeply. In addition to providing the labor and the payment of taxes to the country, many people are trafficked for slave or tenant farmer. In Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, there were thousands of Xiongnu people who worked as the tenant farmer and were even traded at random for preparing military spending such as the Changzhi people, Shile, who founded Hou Zhou dynasty. When Shile was young, he had been sold to Shandong as a slave. So the contradictions between Hu and Han

was triggered at any moment.

The outbreak of the Disaster of Youngjia can be seen as the highlight of Hu’s rebellion.

In 311 CE, after the death of Liuyuan, his son Liucong breached Luoyang and captured Jin Huai emperor. During the war, a host of Jin ministers and tens of thousands of civilians were killed. This was seen as the event “Disaster of Youngjia”in history.

The people of Han fled to escape the war. In Shanxi, almost everyone were gone, including the families living here for many generations, such as Lin, Chen, Huang, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He, Hu eight big surnames. This event caused the first Han Nationality population including hereditary scholar class in Shanxi to move to the south massively in the Chinese history. This was called in history“The Disaster of Yongjia,Clothes Came Across”. The so-called dress referred to the civilization and advanced culture. They not only brought population, capital, technology, and culture to the south, where had not yet been developed. They also laid the solid foundation to the re-establishment of the capital in Jin, which was the Eastern Jin dynasty.

The massive migration of the North people settled down in the South, became the so-called Hakka.

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