西方国家的老人生活_90岁以上老人国家每月补贴多少钱

　　Many countries east and west are faced with the same problem ? the grey generation. The percentage of the population that is past their sell-by date is increasing all the time while those involved in productive employment are shrinking faster than the Arctic ice-cap. Every society that meets this situation has to deal with the situation of what to do with all these elderly folk and even more pressing where to get the money to pay for such provision. The United Kingdom is no exception, so it might be interesting to consider that country’s experience and the way that it attempts to deal with this global conundrum.
　　Since the welfare state was developed at the end of WWII all the workers in the UK have contributed to a scheme of compulsory National Insurance. This is based on a deduction of a regular contribution deducted from your pay or salary by their employers at the same time as Income Tax is collected on behalf of the government. Even if you pay no tax you must still pay National Insurance. Self-employed people have to make the payment in the same way as they pay taxes. If people are unemployed, their contributions are credited to them. The National Insurance funds are designed to provide funding for the National Health Service (still basically free) and Unemployment Benefits as well as for the pensions paid to the elderly. At the age of 65 for a man and 60 for a woman, all who are covered by the National Insurance provision will qualify for a pension.
　　In theory, the contributions collected from the workers should provide sufficient funds for a basic living pension for the old people of the country. In practice, as the ratio of pensioners to workers becomes increasingly unbalanced and the costs of the Health Service soar almost out of control, there is never really enough money to make proper provision. The standard pension now is barely sufficient to live on if there is no other income. In cases of hardship people can apply for pension credits of various kinds which are designed to meet day-to-day living costs. However, the government is eager to encourage all those in employment to make some private provision which is usually done through a pension scheme organised by their employers or by private insurance.
　　Workers in state-run employment such as teachers or civil servants have no option but to contribute a percentage of their salary every month to the national schemes organised by the government itself and will be paid a pension based on a proportion of their final salary at the time of retirement. Employers with a large work-force will have their own pension schemes wit their own levels of contribution and final pensions ? some very generous and some less so. However, no matter how much your final pension, you will still qualify for a State Pension. There, of course, a catch. Your pensions, including your State Pension, for which you have contributed all your working life are subject to income tax ? the more your pension, the more tax you pay.
　　There are other lesser financial benefits from being old. At 60 you qualify for free travel on buses and cheap travel on the railway system. There a few health benefits ? free prescription medicines and free eye-tests, for example. Many places have reduced or even free admission charges for pensioners. Even so, anyone living on the basic pension alone find it quite hard to make ends meet.
　　One major problem for old people everywhere is accommodation. Providing the elderly are still physically well and active, they tend to stay in their own homes as long as they possibly can. With the mobility that exists in employment in the UK, fewer sons and daughters now stay within easy reach of their parents so that regular visiting becomes less convenient. As the parents become older and frailer, this raises a series of problems. Different families work out various solutions. If the family can afford it, they sometimes equip a room or even a small apartment ? the “granny flat” ? in their own home for their aged parent. Sometimes, the old people move into “sheltered housing” where they stay in their own house or apartment in a group of similar places and there are wardens employed to check on their welfare several times every day and to perform minor services for them. This provision is usually subsidized by the local government or by a charity organisation. It is a very popular solution with many families though it is seldom a cheap option and the number of such units is far fewer than the demand for them. Another solution is some kind of nursing home or retirement home where the old people live in a large house where they have their own room and can be cared for by trained staff in accordance with their physical condition. Especially as they grow older and their health deteriorates, the majority of people probably end their life living in some kind of “home”. The kind of life that the old enjoy there, and perhaps the standard of care they enjoy, depends on the nature of the establishment and that, unfortunately, often depends on the ability to pay. There are no maximum charges for nursing home care and paying for this can use up the old people’s savings and the income from the sale of their own property very rapidly. The government will pay for the cost of basic care in a low-cost home, but only after all the elderly individual’s own financial resources have been exhausted. This is a situation which causes a lot of distress and many a family quarrel.
　　For many old people in the UK, as elsewhere, their dream is to live in their own home, visited frequently by their children, and to pass away peacefully sleeping in their own bed having saved a little bit of money to pass on to their family. Fortunately, for many this dream can still come true. For some, and maybe these days a majority, the sunset years have become troubled by too many clouds of near-poverty, poor health, and a fairly meaningless existence in an institution surrounded by strangers while all their hard-earned savings go to make some enterprise even richer.
　　
　　许多国家,无论是东方还是西方,都在面临着一个相同的问题――老龄化。如今,从事生产的就业机会减少的速度比北极冰盖融化的还要快,与此同时,年纪越来越大的老年人所占的比例一直在增长。每个国家都需要解决如何对待这些老年人的问题,更加棘手的是,到哪里去得到支付老龄化问题所需要的费用。对于这个如今全世界国家都面临的难题,英国也同样逃不掉。因此,关注一下这个国家在处理这个全球性难题上有什么经验和方法,或许是一件有意义的事情。
　　自从英国这个福利国家在第二次世界大战之后发展起来到现在,在这里工作的人们就一直在为强制性的国家保险制度做着贡献。也就是说,雇主们会从工人的报酬或者薪水里面定期扣除一部分钱,同时,还会以英国政府的名义扣除他们的个人所得税。即使你不用交个人所得税,也必须缴纳国家保险。个体经营者也需要按同样的方式交税。如果有的人失业了,那么他们之前所缴纳的税款就会归还给他们。国家保险基金是用来向国民医疗服务制度(基本上是免费的),失业津贴,还有退休和养老金提供资金的。男性65岁,女性60岁,凡是符合国家规定的,都可以领到养老金。
　　理论上说,工作着的人们缴纳的税款足以养活那些有着最基本的生活要求的老人们。实际上,随着退休人员和工人的比率日渐不平衡,再加上医疗服务的花费猛增,几乎失去控制,确实没有足够的钱再做适当的储备。如今,如果没有其他收入来源,养老金的标准顶多只能勉强维持老年人的生活。生活困难的人们可以申请多种养老补贴,来满足日常的生活费用。然而,政府还是热衷于鼓励所有工作的人做一些个人储蓄,这种储蓄通常是由雇主或私立保险机构发起的养老规划来打理的。
　　在国营部门工作的人,比如像教师,或者公务员,每个月都会从自己的薪水中拿出一定比例的钱贡献给政府发起的国家保险制度。当他们要退休的时候,将会根据最终的工资的比例得到退休金。那些有众多员工的老板们,会根据他们所做贡献的程度,拥有自己的一套养老金计划,最终他们得到的养老金有的很多,有的少一些。你的养老金,包括国家养老金,这一辈子的工作之后所得的养老金,都要受到所得税的支配――得到的养老金越多,交的税就越多。
　　另外,还有较少的一些针对老年人的优惠政策。如果你到了60岁,就可以免费乘坐公交车,也能买到便宜的火车票。还有一些医疗优惠,比如说免费的处方药和免费的牙齿检查。很多地方减免了退休人员的门票。即使如此,那些仅靠退休金维持生活的人还是会发现很难使收支平衡。
　　任何地方的老人都在面临一个主要的问题,就是住处。如果老年人身体还算灵活,行动自如,那么他们都愿意呆在自己的家中,只要他们有这个能力。在英国,工作的迁移率比较大,极少有儿女住在离他们父母家较近的地方,这就使定期看望父母变得不太方便。随着父母年龄的增大,身体日渐虚弱,就会引起一系列的问题。不同的家庭会有不同的解决办法。如果有的家庭可以承担,子女们就会在他们自己的家中为父母布置一间房间,甚至是一间老人套间。或者,有的老人们会搬进“老年养护所”,在这里,老人们会租用属于自己的一套房子或者公寓,这些房子会聚集在一个比较集中的街区,会有看护人员每天多次查看老人的健康状况,并且对他们进行简单的服务。养护所的津贴一般是由当地政府,或者慈善机构提供。尽管这是一个并不便宜的选择,而且这样的机构比起很多家庭的需求量还是相对较少,但还是很多家庭选择了这种方式。另外一种选择就是像“护理之家”或者“退休之家”这样的机构。通常是一栋比较大的房子,老人们在这里有属于自己的独立房间,还有受过训练的员工根据老人们的身体状况为他们提供服务。特别是当老年人的年纪越来越大,健康状况越来越糟糕。他们通常都会选择自己喜欢的“家”来安度晚年。或许是喜欢那个“家”的生活方式,或许是喜欢那里的护理标准,这些选择都取决于这些机构的类型,不过说到底,还常常取决于自己的金钱承受能力。在“护理之家”花钱没有上限,在这里住通常会非常快地花光老人的所有积蓄,还有变卖自己的财产所得的钱。政府会为收费低廉的机构提供基本护理的花费援助,但也是在所有老人自己的经济来源全部消耗殆尽之后。这种情况导致了很多家庭的经济窘迫和家庭纠纷。
　　对英国许多老人来说,和任何一个地方的老年人一样,都渴望住在自己的家中,孩子们经常来探望,最终可以睡在自己的床上安然离世,并且有自己的一点积蓄可以留给他们的家人。幸运的是,对于很多老人来说,这个梦想还是可以实现的。对一部分老人,或许现在来说对于大部分老人,他们的晚年被太多乌云笼罩着。近乎贫困,身体状况糟糕,还要拿出自己所有的积蓄毫无意义地住在一个被陌生人包围的机构里,而他们毕生的积蓄还会使一些企业更加富有。

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