施氮量与基追比例对烟叶品质及氮肥利用率的影响

　　摘 要：通过3年的田间试验，研究了不同施氮量和基追比例对烟叶化学成分、感官质量及氮肥利用率等的影响。结果表明，降低施氮量增加了烟叶的总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比，降低了总植物碱、总氮、钾含量及钾氯比，改善了烟叶感官质量；降低施氮量显著降低了氮素积累量、来自肥料和土壤的氮量，显著提高了氮肥利用率。相同施氮量，随追肥比例增加，2009和2012年度烟叶的总糖、还原糖含量及糖碱比先增加后降低，总植物碱、总氮含量先降低后增加；2010年烟叶总糖、还原糖含量及糖碱比降低，总植物碱和总氮含量提高。2009、2010年度感官质量分别以追肥比例为70%和50%的处理最佳；2012年度高施氮量以追肥比例为70%处理最佳，低施氮量以50%处理最好。增加追肥比例显著提高了氮肥利用率。通过3年研究发现，施氮量从90 kg/hm2降至45～60 kg/hm2，追肥比例增至50%～70%可改善烟叶感官质量及提高氮肥利用率。
　　关键词：施氮量；基追比例；化学成分；感官质量；氮肥利用率
　　中图分类号：S572.06 文章编号：1007-5119（2015）04-0034-06 DOI：10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2015.04.006
　　Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate and Ratio of Base and Topdressing on Flue-cured Tobacco Quality and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency
　　MA Xinghua1， SHI Yi1， ZHANG Zhongfeng1*， WANG Yong2， YANG Mingfeng2， GUAN Ensen3， LI Jianxia4
　　（1. Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing， Ministry of Agriculture， Tobacco Research Institute of CAAS， Qingdao 266101， China； 2. China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co.， Ltd.， Jinan 250014， China； 3. Shandong Weifang Tobacco Co.， Ltd.， Weifang， Shandong 261061， China； 4. China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co.， Ltd.， Zhengzhou 450000， China）
　　Abstract： In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and ratio of base and topdressing on flue-cured tobacco quality and nitrogen utilization efficiency （NUE）， field experiments were conducted for three years. The results showed that reducing nitrogen fertilizer rate led to an increase in total sugar content， reducing sugar content and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine. Reduced nitrogen application also caused a decrease in nicotine content， nitrogen content， potassium content and the ratio of potassium to chlorine. Overall tobacco sensory quality was improved in the low nitrogen treatments. Reducing nitrogen rate caused reduction of total nitrogen accumulation， amount of nitrogen derived from fertilizer and soil， with a significant increase of NUE. Under the same nitrogen application rate， treatments with increased topdressing fertilizer showed increase then decrease of total sugar content， reducing sugar content and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine in the years of 2009 and 2012 . Total nicotine content and nitrogen content on the other hand， showed decrease then increase with more topdressing fertilizer in the same years. In 2010， total sugar content， reducing sugar content and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine decreased with the increase of topdressing fertilizer while the total nicotine content and nitrogen content showed the opposite trend. Under the same nitrogen application rate， the treatments with 70% topdressing and 50% topdressing had the best sensory quality in 2009 and 2010 respectively. In 2012， the treatment with 50% topdressing ratio had the best tobacco sensory quality under the higher nitrogen application rate， but under the lower nitrogen application rate， the treatment with 50% topdressing had the best sensory quality. Increase of topdressing nitrogen increased the NUE significantly. According to the results of three years， it could be concluded that reducing nitrogen application rate from 90 kg/hm2 to 45-60 kg/hm2， and increasing topdressing application to 50%-70% could increase sensory quality and NUE.

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