骑士的历史
发布时间:2017-01-21 来源: 历史回眸 点击： 
骑士的历史篇一：中世纪骑士制度的起源
摘要：骑士在中世纪的欧洲占有十分重要的地位，是中世纪封建制度的重要组成部分，在相当长一段时间内，是西欧封建社会的主要武装力量。而骑士制度是怎样产生的，本文主要分日耳曼的亲兵制和尚武传统、欧洲混乱的社会现实、基督教的洗礼、骑士装备的优越性四个方面来探求中世纪骑士制度的起源问题。
关键词：中世纪 骑士制度 起源
一、日耳曼的亲兵制和尚武传统
骑士制度是在西欧封建经济基础上的贵族军事集团内部的相互关系、行为规范、生活习俗、思想观念等方面的综合。[1]骑士制度最先产生于法兰克王国，,而法兰克人是日耳曼人中强大的一支,在法兰克国土上诞生的骑士自然不可避免地带有蛮族风气的遗留。 “日耳曼蛮人骨子里却有一股纯朴的风气和高尚的道德境界:勇敢忠诚、积极进取,这些优秀的道德品质是塑造骑士精英的先天优势。另外, 这个民族的军事组织、社会关系为骑士制度的形成提供了自然的模型, 可以说中世纪西欧的骑士、骑士制度承袭了日耳曼族诸方面的内容。”[2]日耳曼的亲兵制也是中世纪欧洲骑士制度兴起的原因之一，古日耳曼人是天生的马上勇士，他们擅长在马上作战.日耳曼人经常作战，军事首领拥有很多亲兵，结成依从关系。首领供养亲兵，并将掳获的战利品分给他们。日耳曼人原有的亲兵制，也在新的物质条件下有了新的内容。过去，日耳曼部落首领酬赏亲兵的是掠获的战利品。现在国王占有广大地产就以土地赏赐亲兵、部下。亲兵们在分得土地的同时，也得到土地上的劳动者，并沿用现有的土地经营方式。封建制度在这种条件下逐渐发展起来。这为后来的采邑制奠定了一定的基础，也就为骑士制度的兴起奠定了一个经济基础。 在日耳曼的婚姻中，一个日耳曼男子向一个女子订婚，一面盾，一支矛或一把剑，妻子就被娶过来了；妻子也会带来一些盔甲之类送个自己的丈夫。”[2]
二、欧洲混乱的社会现实
当时的欧洲大陆上一片混乱，当时正是各蛮族入侵的时候，汪达尔人、东哥特人，西哥特人等民族由于蒙古人的入侵被迫都向南迁徙，给整个西欧社会注入了新的血液和活力，加速了西罗马帝国的灭亡。他们分别
三、基督教的洗礼
骑士的好战行为虽然与早期基督教的传统似乎是相悖的,但后来二者出于利益需要,逐渐结合。教会可借助骑士之剑来宣扬教会的威力,中世纪诺曼人对教会的疯狂掠夺，使他们觉得需要有世俗力量的保护，同时也使自己在世俗事务中站稳脚跟,使教皇成为军队的号召和战争
的领导者,从而在世俗政治中取得统治地位。而骑士由于其经济原因也自愿加入教会的麾下。496年，法兰克国王克洛维击退阿勒曼人后，在兰斯主教的主持下带领三千亲兵在河边隆重洗礼，接受罗马基督教。496年的集体受洗事件标志着法兰克军士新贵与罗马教廷的首次接触成功。中世纪的西欧经历了一场边疆重整，各地大小诸侯君王混战一团。战争逐渐与宗教紧密联系在一起，军队中都常常有牧师随行。”基督教和骑士制度的结合，是欧洲中世纪的一大特点，骑士们接受宗教教育，遵从上帝的教导来选择合适的行为，骑士们在战场上遭遇凶险时，向上帝祈求保护，教会的行为准则成为了骑士的准则，骑士逐渐成为了上帝的战士。“宗教因素一旦介入，其作用就不仅限于加强骑士社会的团体精神，它还对这一群体的道德法规产生有力的影响。
四、骑士装备的优越性
骑士大多在马上作战，他们需要有一整套的骑士装备，从头盔、面甲、护腿，到盾牌、短剑、长矛等，马镫——真正的马鞍出现，成为骑士兴起一个重要的条件。马镫把畜力应用在短兵相接之中，让骑兵与马结为一体。马镫为骑兵冲入步兵阵营并与步兵进行近距离拼杀提供了优势条件。牢牢骑在马上的全副武装的骑兵冲入步兵阵营横冲直撞本身,对步兵就会造成极大的威胁。另外,骑兵可居高临下左右进攻,又可快速追击置敌于死地。”[3]配剑和长矛也是骑士必不可少的，骑士军队成为欧洲战场上的主力部队后, 剑与长矛一样成为骑士必备的武器。随之, 一系列改进出现了: 具有前桥和后弓的马鞍进一步增强了骑者的稳定性, 战马的头和四蹄安上了防护装甲。骑手置身于皮制或金属的甲胄之中, 而象征性的轻型长矛逐渐也被更具威力的重型长矛所取代。正如斯塔夫里阿诺斯所说: “马镫使中世纪欧洲穿戴沉重的铠甲的封建骑士得以产生。”[4]技术上的革新增加了重装兵的战斗力和实用性, 但更重要的是, 革新的结果使该社会中的大多数人与此项军人职业无缘, 本来已经高昂的骑兵装备费用持续攀升, 一个垄断军人职业、主导战争艺术的中小贵族阶层——骑士以及与其相适应的制度、观念的出现将不可避免。
骑士的历史篇二：欧洲骑士制度的兴衰历史英语论文
On the Development and Decline of Chivalry
Introduction:
Chivalry, also known as Knighthood, can be defined as the general collection of organizations, regulations, morals and norms owned particularly by the knight class in west Europe in the Middle Ages. This system, with its nature of the dictatorship of mid-and-smallish feudal nobles, is based on the vassalage of land, bonded with knight enlistment, directed by Christian thought. Narrowly speaking, it is a kind of military system. Generally speaking, it serves as a system as well as a moral concept. Since Chivalry has a long-lasting impact on the developing history of west Europe, I fancy, it is quite necessary to talk about the development and decline of Chivalry.
The knighthood, originated with the joint efforts of several elements, including ancient history recollections and various social facts at that time. All of these elements together gave birth to military fief which served as the economic isotopic carrier for the endowment of political rights on knight class. Under the spiritual shaping of Christian thought, Chivalry was established firmly. Chivalry, as a military regime built on the fief system, primitively originated in Frankish Kingdom in the 8th century. Then it was passed to the north, to the west of Reich across Flender, Burgundy and so on. It is safe to say that Chivalry is a kind of mechanism on the whole European continent. To be frank, its development can be divided into three stages.
Three stages of development:
The first stage was approximately from the Military Reform of Charles Martel, to the end of 11th century. During this period, Chivalry was still on the primary level. Here follows its several features.
To begin with, knights were professional soldiers and the primitive soldiers were considered as the most faithful and the bravest people. They shouldered the mission of protecting national people. Their major task was to fight in various battles and to serve their suzerains. It was estimated that they were at war for 40—60 days per year. Therefore, its military feature can be plainly seen. Knights were an open class before 11th century. Any person who could afford to buy
weapons and horses and had ever participated officially in the ceremony could deserve the name of a knight. A freeman, who was born in a poor family, could also be named a knight as long as he could behave bravely in a battle. What’s more, every knight had the right to nominate a knight out of a common person. But it is worth nothing along the way that the equipment cost was fairly high. At that time, a very healthy and strong bull cost about 2 sorida, while it would cost 22 times more than that money to equip a knight. Well-equipped weapons and excellent skills, together with the strict measurement of military strength suggest that not everyone could become a knight. Every knight must be outstanding in the Middle Ages. In addition to the conditions above, competitiveness also played a big role during that period. If a knight could beat his rival or an aggressive person, his reputation would be lifted immediately and he would become the respected hero in peoples’ mind.
Secondly, all the knights were feudal lords. However big or small, as a condition, every knight could gain some feuds from his superior. There were some typical words written in the Code of Germanic saying “Feif is the reward of every knight.” As the suzerain of the fief, the knights could enjoy the total income of the land and invest the money for their equipment. In addition, some administrative rights were given together with the fief, such as the rights to tackle civilian lawsuits, part of robberies and homicide cases, the rights to nominate jury members and to investigate some cases.
The last feature should be that knights were experiencing the process of Christianism. Those knights in the Middle Ages were almost brutal and ruthless warriors. They could tease weak people, plunder peasants, rape women or murder innocent people without being seriously punished. What’s worse, all of these behaviors did not violate the Knight Behavior Norms. However, they betrayed the Christian greatly. As Christian became increasingly important in west Europe, the church began to perform some control over those rough knights. In 10th century, the church launched a campaign called the Peace of God where “Brutal knights should deserve spiritual punishment” was declared. Furthermore, the Truce of God prohibited any kind of battle on Sundays or during other divine festivals. Violence was strictly banned in or near churches, otherwise all the violate participants, knights included, would be exiled from Christian church.
The second stage was about from 12th century to the beginning of 13th century. This period was the most successful as it was basically about the Crusades. Some features were quite obvious about this stage.
Firstly, with the combination of religious discipline and military discipline, the knights’ aggressiveness, spirit of adventure and religious fanaticism constituted the highest peak in the evolution of Chivalry until the start of the crusades. Under the appeal of the Pope, the crusades became a fair war and the hatred between knights became serious hatred against pagans. Under the protection of religion, the knights’ bloody and fleshy appetites became legitimate religious fanaticism. They sold all their properties and King Charles even pledged the whole region and country. Along with the crusades, knight groups turned up as the central part of Christian knights. The most popular knight groups were the Teuton Knight Group, the God-temple Knight Group and the Hospital Knight Group. These three groups were basically composed of monks and priests who were directly governed by the Pope. They can be mainly divided into four classes—Knights, Sergeants, Farmers and Chaplains. Every knight group had its own strict regulations. Particularly, they held fast to three beliefs—security and poverty, faithfulness, adherence to the fate. They fought against pagans in the name of God, which embodied an obvious feature of combination of religion and military affairs.
Secondly, the hereditary of knight privilege and the separation between farmers and knights could not be ignored. On the one hand, after 12th century, it had become a descendent privilege. In fact, if an emperor bestowed a peasant with the name “knight”, he would create a family of knights. On the other hand, the gap between peasants and knights became wider and wider. In 1152, a peace decree stipulated that legitimate knights were those whose ancestors were real knights. In 1187, another order clearly prohibited the descendents of peasants from becoming knights. Due to the harsh discrimination, social classes were firmly established.
The third stage was from the end of 13th century to the Religious Reform period. During this period, chivalry began to decline and finally disappeared in the history. This could be proved by the following aspects.
First things first, knights began to transform to be common noblemen. Since the end of
12th century, a well-trained army force became a necessity for the defense of the nation owing to several factors such as the dramatic changes of land system, the inner deterioration of the hereditary fief, the awakening of national awareness, the eager need of war and so on. However, the past Knight System had no certain time and discipline restrictions thus could not be applied to the very situation. Therefore, it must be thrown away. Thereafter, most European countries, Britain, France and Germany in particular, accepted the Scutage System, which separated knights from their basic military discipline. Those knights either chose to become profane noblemen living on their large amount of land or decided to do business and then became the predecessor of the new bourgeoisie.
Another aspect was that knights served only as a symbol of reputation. After 14th century, the ceremony of gaining the fame of “knight” became more and more casual. Particularly in the war between Britain and France, James Ⅰ often named a lot of soldiers “knights” in order to cheer them up to win the war. What’s worse, some wealthy bureaucrats could make money by means of selling the fame and position of knight. It was said that the price of a knight and its unique equipment had become so high that many common noblemen could not afford to keep the fame. To sum up, the knight had already lost its original connotation and become just a symbol of reputation.
Conclusion:
In general conclusion, although Chivalry has already died out, its influence still remains long-lasting.
Standing on the point of history, chivalry, as a European mechanism, also made the Middle Ages known as the Knight Times. Knights became the backbone of the whole society, and the knight spirit influenced the culture of the whole times. Furthermore, after the Religious Reform, Chivalry was still the powerful moral concept which dominated people’s mind and spirit. It surely deserves the reputation of “the crown of the whole social system”.
Looking forward to the future, the knight is blessed with many virtues: as warriors, they are loyal; as believers, they are courteous; as men, they are pure; as the aristocracy, they are passionate. So Knights become the embodiment of justice and power, also the symbol of glory and
romance. Chivalry has shaped the Western ethical standard—courtesy, respect for others, modesty and prudence. It has a profound impact on people's attitudes and behavior. Today, Britain still has a title named knight. The Queen has the right to bestow all the outstanding figures who have made significant contributions to the state and society with this honorable title.
Further more, from the spirit of knights, we can acquire much life philosophies. For example, we should learn to maintain humility. However low his identity is, however much you hate him, if he did not commit heinous sins, we must learn to forgive him. Virtues are like precious stones which are always shining and gleaming. We must be honest, cheating will only lead to more deceits, and at last, the liar will pay a high price for his sins. We should not abandon or ignore principles and virtues. Remember them and keep them in your mind, the door to success and happiness will be open to you. I bet that these beliefs can also be applied to our daily life. Particularly, they are quite useful for us to tackle problems arisen from our relationship. Judging from this, we can clearly see that knight spirit and culture is an inexhaustible treasure-trove which deserves our further studying.
骑士的历史篇三：魔兽世界历史之九大悲情骑士
在《魔兽世界》中凡是圣骑士一般都有一悲惨的结局，要么死，要么化成亡灵，要么变节为死亡骑士。
《魔兽世界》历史上的9大悲情圣骑士：
1、阿隆索斯·法奥
他并不是一位圣骑士，而是一位牧师。他是白银之手的奠基者之一，白银之手骑士团的规章制度便出于此人之手，而乌瑟尔也是从阿隆索斯.法奥处习得圣光之力，而乌瑟尔学习圣光之力的地点就在今天斯坦索姆的阿隆索斯礼拜堂，也就是说，是阿隆索斯.法奥将圣光之力真正融合到人类得军队中去。
阿隆索斯.法奥在二战过后，是重建暴风城的最主要的募捐人，为了纪念他的功绩，人们在光明大教堂前为他树立了雕像。
阿隆索斯.法奥在天灾入侵前逝世，死因不明；
他生前最后待在了提瑞斯法林地，并葬在了那里，血色大修道院附近，那里有他的墓碑，法奥之墓......
但是由于弟子的关系，以他名字命名的阿隆索斯礼拜堂，这座经历了斯坦索姆屠城和大火也没有被摧毁，而且一直燃烧着不灭的圣火的礼拜堂，被血骑士的领袖莉亚德琳下令用熄焰之水熄灭掉了圣火，并且屠杀了礼拜堂的3名白银之手圣骑士。
烧毁阿隆索斯礼拜堂，以圣光的名义——某旅店血骑士语。
2、乌瑟尔
乌瑟尔是白银之手的创始人，白银之手骑士团的首领。他有一名王储弟子，阿尔萨斯。 在斯坦索姆前，乌瑟尔拒绝了阿尔萨斯屠城的要求，而阿尔萨斯以王位继承人的名义，宣布乌瑟尔叛国罪，并宣布解散白银之手骑士团。
当阿尔萨斯拿起了霜之哀伤后，在安多哈尔夺取了他父王的骨灰坛，并且亲手杀死了自己的老师。
“记住，阿尔萨斯，我们是圣骑士。复仇并不是我们必须要做的。如果我们让自己的激情转变成了嗜血，那么我们将会和那些兽人一样卑劣。”-------乌瑟尔对阿尔萨斯的话，言犹在耳。
3、阿尔萨斯·米奈希尔
阿尔萨斯是人类7国中洛丹沦的王储，白银之手骑士团领袖乌瑟尔的弟子，一名圣骑士。 在WAR3中，阿尔萨斯参与了洛丹伦瘟疫事件的调查-----和吉安娜一起。
在安多哈尔，他率领的小部分军队发现了安多哈尔的民众食用搀杂了瘟疫的谷物，那些可怜的人后来都化为僵尸进攻阿尔萨斯的部队。在这里，阿尔萨斯经历了真正的腥风血雨，他目睹身边的战友一个个倒下，而食用了瘟疫谷物的村民们一个个扑上来攻击他们。最后，得到吉安娜报信的乌瑟尔赶来救援了阿尔萨斯，可是他身边的人已经所剩无已。
接下来，在斯坦索姆前，王子殿下发现瘟疫谷物已经被运送入城，并且已经食用了一段时间。而且这个时候，恐惧魔王玛尔甘尼斯（梅尔加尼）出现并挑衅了阿尔萨斯，并且开始把食用了谷物的市民转化为僵尸，绝望的阿尔萨斯要求军队入城屠杀市民，乌瑟尔拒绝了，吉安娜也表示不理解。王子殿下以王储的身份宣布了乌瑟尔的叛国罪，并且解散了白银之手，然后带领自己的军队入城屠杀，斯坦索姆，生灵涂炭。
之后，阿尔萨斯率领军队北上诺森德追击恐惧魔王，在符文魔剑霜之哀伤的帮助下，杀死了恐惧魔王玛尔甘尼斯，而他自己也被魔剑所控制，成为巫妖王的奴仆。死亡骑士阿尔萨斯在洛丹伦为自己举行胜利庆典的时候，杀死了自己的父亲泰瑞纳斯·米奈希尔，并且在夺取父亲骨灰坛的时候，杀死了老师乌瑟尔，之后率领天灾军团横扫整个洛丹伦，并且毁灭了奎尔萨拉斯和达拉然，整个艾泽拉斯，都在阿尔萨斯的铁蹄下悲鸣。
巫妖王阿尔萨斯，面对整个世界的讨伐，你拿什么面对？
“没有自责，没有怜悯”-----死亡骑士阿尔萨斯漠然杀死自己的父亲、老师、同僚时，这么评价自己。
4、灰烬使者莫格莱尼
在南海镇的旅店中，血色十字军高层的集会，大领主亚历山德罗斯.莫格莱尼带来了一块神秘的水晶，后来，这块水晶被矮人国王麦格尼?铜须铸造成了一把剑-----灰烬使者。当莫格莱尼手持灰烬使者时，斩杀了无数天灾。但是，背叛居然来自于至亲，他的儿子雷诺?莫格莱尼觊觎其父的地位，在一次战斗中刺杀了亚历山德罗斯.莫格莱尼。圣骑士即使死亡也不能被转化为亡灵的，但是，自己的堕落却不在此限，亚历山德罗斯.莫格莱尼因为亲生儿子的无情背叛而陷入了惊诧与绝望的深渊之中，最终被内心中的黑暗面占据了，投向了巫妖王与克尔苏加德的怀抱，成为了一位死亡骑士。
而他的那个背叛的儿子，也在血色修道院被攻陷后被人杀死。而大儿子达利安，则成了一位死亡骑士，虽然之后被救赎。
“只有死亡,才能让你了解人性的真谛!” ——大领主亚历山德罗斯.莫格莱尼手持堕落的灰烬使者喃喃的低语，这或许是他被亲生儿子偷袭至死的最好注解。
5、提里奥?弗丁
很多人都做过爱与家庭这个任务。
提里奥?弗丁以前曾经是白银之手骑士团成员，乌瑟尔的战友。因为一位兽人伊崔格的关系，他被流放了。因为伊崔格使他觉得兽人们并不是完全都是嗜血的，并且想解救这名兽人，而父母死与第一次兽人战争的巴瑟拉斯以此宣布提里奥?弗丁叛国，虽然罪名并未成立，但是，他为了拯救兽人攻击联盟军队的罪名成立，乌瑟尔怀着无比沉重的心情，亲自主持仪式消除了弗丁的圣光之力。最后，萨尔率领兽人军队突袭了刑场，但伊崔格已经奄奄一息，眼看自己的兽人朋友即将死去，几乎绝望的圣骑士举起颤抖的双手向天空呐喊——奇迹发生了，一缕圣光从天而降，笼罩伊崔格——圣光之力将他从死亡线上挽救回来。
他的儿子泰兰?弗丁却在长大后，成为了白银之手骑士，但是阿尔萨斯的背叛使得泰兰?弗丁意志消沉，一度沦为血色十字军幕后黑手恐惧魔王的傀儡。有一天，当那个玩具小战锤和温馨暖人的画卷《爱与家庭》送到泰兰?弗丁的面前，他毅然走出了壁炉谷，然而却遭到了大审判官伊森利恩的阻挠，提里奥?弗丁赶来的时候，只有已经死亡的儿子，白发人送黑发人。
“种族并不代表荣誉??我知道有些兽人，他们象最高贵的骑士那样可敬；我还知道有些人类，他们象最残忍的亡灵天灾那样邪恶！”——-提里奥?弗丁在被审判的时候这么告诉自己5岁儿子。
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