《中国与世界贸易组织》白皮书,中英对照

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 中国与世界贸易组织

 China and the World Trade Organization

 (2018 年 年 6 月)

 June 2018

 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

 The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

  目录

 Contents

 前言

 Foreword

 一、中国切实履行加入世贸组织承诺

 I. China Has Faithfully Fulfilled Its WTO Accession Commitments

 二、中国坚定支持多边贸易体制

 II. China Firmly Supports the Multilateral Trading System

 三、中国加入世贸组织后对世界作出重要贡献

 III. China’s Significant Contribution to the World After Accession to the WTO

 四、中国积极推动更高水平对外开放

 IV. China Is Actively Advancing Opening-Up to a Higher Level

 结束语

 Conclusion

 前言

 Foreword

 1978 年,中国开启了改革开放的历史进程。改革开放是中国人民用双手书写的国家和民族发展的壮丽史诗,是中国和世界共同发展进步的伟大历程,不仅深刻改变了中国,也深刻影响了世界。40 年来,中国坚持对外开放基本国策,打开国门搞建设,逐步形成了全方位多层次宽领域的对外开放格局,极大促进了中国与外部世界的交流交融,为人类和平与发展的崇高事业作出了重要贡献。

  In 1978, China started the historic process of reform and opening-up. This is a glorious chapter in the development epic of the country and the nation composed by the Chinese people, recording the great journey of common progress of China and the rest of the world. It has not only profoundly changed the country, but also greatly influenced the whole world. Over the past 40 years, China has been adhering to the fundamental national policy of reform and opening-up and pursuing development with its door wide open. A model of all-round, multi-level, and wide-ranging opening-up has gradually taken shape. China is closely connected with

 the outside world and has made a significant contribution to the noble cause of global peace and development.

 2001 年中国加入世界贸易组织,是中国深度参与经济全球化的里程碑,标志着中国改革开放进入历史新阶段。加入世贸组织以来,中国积极践行自由贸易理念,全面履行加入承诺,大幅开放市场,实现更广互利共赢,在对外开放中展现了大国担当。

 In 2001, China acceded to the World Trade Organization (WTO). This was a milestone in China’s integration into economic globalization, marking a new historic stage of reform and opening-up. Since its accession to the WTO, China has been a strong advocate for free trade. China has comprehensively fulfilled its commitments to the WTO, substantially opened its market to the world, and delivered mutually beneficial and win-win outcomes on a wider scale. Through these efforts, China has lived up to its responsibility as a major country.

 以世贸组织为核心的多边贸易体制是国际贸易的基石,是全球贸易健康有序发展的支柱。中国坚定遵守和维护世贸组织规则,支持开放、透明、包容、非歧视的多边贸易体制,全面参与世贸组织工作,为共同完善全球经济治理发出中国声音、提出中国方案,是多边贸易体制的积极参与者、坚定维护者和重要贡献者。

 The multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its core, is the cornerstone of international trade and underpins the sound and orderly development of global trade. China firmly observes and upholds the WTO rules, and supports the multilateral trading system that is open, transparent, inclusive and non-discriminatory. China has participated in all aspects of WTO work, made its voice heard and contributed its own proposals on improving global economic governance. China is an active participant, strong supporter and major contributor in the multilateral trading system.

 中国加入世贸组织既发展了自己,也造福了世界。中国积极践行新发展理念,经济发展由高速度向高质量迈进,成为世界经济增长的主要稳定器和动力源。中国奉行互利共赢的开放战略,积极推动共建“一带一路”,在开放中分享机会和利益,在实现自身发展的同时惠及其他国家和人民,增进了全球福祉,促进了共同繁荣。

 Accession to the WTO has boosted China’s development and benefited the rest of the world. Propelled by a new vision of development, the Chinese economy is transitioning from rapid growth to high-quality development. China has become a major stabilizer and driving force for the world economy. China stays committed to the strategy of opening-up for win-win results, vigorously promotes the Belt and Road Initiative, and shares opportunities and benefits with other countries and their people while developing China itself, enhancing global wellbeing and common prosperity.

 站在新时代的历史起点上,中国开放的大门不会关闭,只会越开越大。中国过去 40 年的经济发展是在开放条件下取得的,未来中国经济实现高质量发展也将在更加开放条件下进行。中国将继续坚持对

 外开放基本国策,以更加积极的姿态融入经济全球化进程,实行高水平的贸易和投资自由化便利化政策,与各国构建利益高度融合、彼此相互依存的命运共同体。

 At the historic starting point of a new era, China’s door of opening-up will not be closed and will only open even wider. Opening-up was key to China’s economic growth over the past 40 years. In the same vein, high-quality development of China’s economy in the future can only be achieved with greater openness. China will continue adhering to the fundamental national policy of reform and opening-up. China will more proactively embrace economic globalization, adopt policies to promote high-standard liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and work together with other countries to build a community of shared future with extensive converging interests and a high degree of interdependence.

 为全面介绍中国履行加入世贸组织承诺的实践,阐释中国参与多边贸易体制建设的原则立场和政策主张,阐明中国推进更高水平对外开放的愿景与行动,中国政府特发表本白皮书。

 The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to give a full account of China’s fulfillment of its WTO commitments, to explain China’s principles, stances, policies, and propositions regarding the multilateral trading system, and to describe China’s vision and actions in advancing higher-level reform and opening-up.

 一、中国切实履行加入世贸组织承诺

 I. China Has Faithfully Fulfilled Its WTO Accession Commitments

 2001 年中国加入世贸组织①以来,不断完善社会主义市场经济体制,全面加强同多边贸易规则的对接,切实履行货物和服务开放承诺,强化知识产权保护,对外开放政策的稳定性、透明度、可预见性显著提高,为多边贸易体制有效运转作出了积极贡献。

 Since China acceded to the World Trade Organization

 in 2001, it has made continued efforts to improve its socialist market economy system, further align its policies with multilateral trade rules in all areas, honor its commitments on opening trade in goods and services, and strengthen intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. Remarkable improvements have been made in enhancing the stability, transparency, and predictability of its opening-up policies. China has contributed significantly to the effective operation of the multilateral trading system.

 (一)完善社会主义市场经济体制和法律体系

 1. Improving the socialist market economy and relevant legal system

 始终坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向。加快完善社会主义市场经济体制,健全市场体系,理顺政府和市场关系,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用,更好发挥政府作用。广泛开展世贸组织规则宣传教育,市场意识、竞争意识、规则意识、法治观念深入人心。

 Consistently reforming to develop the socialist market economy. China has accelerated efforts to improve the socialist market economy system and strengthen the market system. This has involved reorganizing the relationship between the government and the market, letting the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and the government play its role better. Education campaigns on WTO rules have been extensively rolled out, raising public awareness of the market, competition, rules and the concept of rule of law.

 不断健全社会主义市场经济法律体系。坚持依法治国,全面遵守和执行世贸组织规则,完善基于规则的市场经济法律法规,构建符合多边贸易规则的法律体系。加入世贸组织后,大规模开展法律法规清理修订工作,中央政府清理法律法规和部门规章2300多件,地方政府清理地方性政策法规19万多件,覆盖贸易、投资和知识产权保护等各个方面。2014 年,制订进一步加强贸易政策合规工作的政策文件,要求各级政府在拟定贸易政策的过程中,对照世贸组织协定及中国加入承诺进行合规性评估。2016年,建立规范性文件合法性审查机制,进一步清理规范性文件,增强公共政策制定透明度和公众参与度。

 Continuously improving the legal system of socialist market economy. Upholding the rule of law, China has faithfully observed and implemented WTO rules, improved its laws and regulations on market economy, and built up a legal system in line with multilateral trade rules. After its accession, China launched major efforts to review and revise relevant laws and regulations, involving 2,300 laws, regulations and departmental rules at central government level, and 190,000 policies and regulations at sub-central government levels, covering trade, investment, IPR protection, etc. In 2014, China issued an official document on furthering trade policy compliance with WTO rules, requiring government at all levels to assess proposed trade policies in accordance with WTO agreements and China’s commitments. In 2016, China set up a legality review mechanism to examine normative documents, enhancing the transparency of and public participation in policy development.

 (二)履行货物贸易领域开放承诺

 2. Fulfilling commitments on trade in goods

 大幅降低进口关税。减少进口成本,促进贸易发展,让世界各国更多分享中国经济增长、消费繁荣带来的红利。截至 2010 年,中国货物降税承诺全部履行完毕,关税总水平由 2001 年的 15.3%降至 9.8%。其中,工业品平均税率由 14.8%降至 8.9%;农产品平均税率由 23.2%降至 15.2%,约为世界农产品平均关税水平的四分之一,远低于发展中成员 56%和发达成员 39%的平均关税水平。农产品的最高约束关税为 65%,而美国、欧盟、日本分别为 440%、408%、1706%。

 Substantively reducing import tariffs. By reducing import costs to boost trade, China has shared its development dividend and growing markets with the rest of the world. By 2010, China had fulfilled all of its tariff reduction commitments, reducing the average tariff level from 15.3 percent in 2001 to 9.8 percent. It lowered the average tariff rate of manufactured goods from 14.8 to 8.9 percent. It cut the average tariff rate of agricultural products from 23.2 to 15.2 percent, about one fourth of the global average and far lower than those imposed by the WTO’s developing members (56 percent) and developed members (39 percent). China’s maximum bound tariff rate of agricultural products is 65 percent, while the corresponding rates of the United States, the European Union and Japan are 440, 408 and 1,706 percent respectively.

 显著削减非关税壁垒。减少不必要的贸易限制,促进贸易透明畅通。截至 2005 年 1 月,中国已按加入承诺全部取消了进口配额、进口许可证和特定招标等非关税措施,涉及汽车、机电产品、天然橡胶等 424 个税号产品;对小麦、玉米、大米、食糖、棉花、羊毛、毛条和化肥等关系国计民生的大宗商品实行关税配额管理。

 Significantly lowering non-tariff barriers. To increase transparency and facilitate trade, China has reduced unnecessary trade restrictions. By January 2005, in accordance with its commitments, China had eliminated import quotas, import licenses, specific import tendering requirements and other non-tariff measures with regard to 424 items such as automobiles, machinery and electronics products, and natural rubber. It introduced tariff rate quota administration for important bulk commodities, i.e. wheat, corn, rice, sugar, cotton, wool, wool top, and chemical fertilizers.

  全面放开外贸经营权。促进经营主体多元化,激发各类企业开展贸易的积极性。自 2004 年 7 月起,中国对企业的外贸经营权由审批制改为备案登记制,极大地释放了民营企业的外贸活力,民营企业进出口发展迅速,份额持续扩大,成为对外贸易的重要经营主体。民营企业和外商投资企业进出口占全国进出口总额的比重由 2001 年的 57.5%上升到 2017 年的 83.7%。2017 年,作为第一大出口经营主体的民营企业出口占比达 46.6%。

 Liberalizing the right to trade. To diversify entities and stimulate their enthusiasm to engage in foreign trade, in July 2004 China replaced approval system with registration system for foreign trade authorization, releasing immense vigor of private businesses which has led to a surge of foreign trade in the private sector. With rapid growth and an increasing share of the market, private companies have become important actors in China’s foreign trade. In 2017, foreign trade by private companies and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) accounted for 83.7 percent of the country’s total trade volume, up from 57.5 percent in 2001. In 2017, Chinese private companies, which take the largest share of China"s exports, contributed 46.6 percent of all goods and services exported.

  (三)履行服务贸易领域开放承诺

 3. Fulfilling commitments on trade in services

 广泛开放服务市场。大力推动服务业各领域快速发展,提高服务业对国民经济的贡献。在世贸组织分类的 12 大类服务部门的 160 个分部门中,中国承诺开放 9 大类的 100 个分部门,接近发达成员平均承诺开放 108 个分部门的水平。截至 2007 年,中国服务贸易领域开放承诺已全部履行完毕。

 Extensively opening up the services market. China has striven to boost the services industry and increase its share of contribution to the economy. Of the 160 services sub-sectors under the 12-sector WTO classification, China committed to opening up 100 sub-sectors under 9 sectors, a level approximate to the average 108 sub-sectors committed by the developed members of the WTO. By 2007, China had honored all of its commitments on trade in services.

 持续减少限制措施。逐步降低服务领域外资准入门槛,按期取消服务领域的地域和数量限制,不断扩大允许外资从事服务领域的业务范围。其中,在快递、银行、财产保险等 54 个服务分部门允许设立外商独资企业,在计算机、环境等 23 个分部门允许外资控股,在电信、铁路运输、旅游等 80 个分部门给予外资国民待遇。2010 年,中国服务业吸引外商直接投资额首次超过制造业,2017 年吸引外商直接投资额占比达到 73%。

 Continuously reducing restrictions. China has step by step lowered the threshold for foreign investment to enter the services sectors in China, lifted geographical and quantitative restrictions on services according to schedule, and constantly broadened the business scope for foreign investment in the services sectors. China has permitted wholly foreign-owned enterprises in 54 sub-sectors such as courier, banking and property insurance services, allowed foreign majority ownership in 23 sub-sectors such as computer and environment services, and accorded national treatment to foreign capital in 80 sub-sectors such as telecommunication, rail transport, and tourism services. In 2010, foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into China’s services industry surpassed that into manufacturing industry for the first time. In 2017, FDI in the services industry made up 73 percent of all FDI in China.

 (四)履行知识产权保护承诺

  4. Fulfilling commitments on IPR protection

 加强知识产权保护是中国的主动作为。加强知识产权保护是完善产权保护制度最重要的内容,也是提高中国经济竞争力最大的激励。中国推进知识产权保护,不仅符合自身发展需要,也有助于进一步完善法治化、国际化、便利化的营商环境。中国鼓励中外企业开展正常技术交流合作,依法保护在华外资企业合法知识产权,同时,希望外国政府加强对中国知识产权的保护。

 Strengthening IPR protection on China’s own initiative. Strengthening IPR protection is the centerpiece for improving the property rights protection system, and it would provide the biggest boost to the competitiveness of the Chinese economy. It not only serves China’s own development needs, but also helps cultivate a business environment that is law-based, internationalized and business-friendly. China encourages technological exchanges and cooperation between Chinese and foreign enterprises, and protects the lawful IPR owned by foreign enterprises in China. At the same time, we hope foreign governments will also improve protection of Chinese IPR.

 构建完备的知识产权保护法律体系。加入世贸组织后,中国建立健全知识产权法律法规,与多个国家建立知识产权工作机制,积极吸收借鉴国际先进立法经验,构建起符合世贸组织规则和中国国情的知识产权法律体系。近年来,修订《商标法》,增加了惩罚性赔偿制度;修订《反不正当竞争法》,进一步完善了商业秘密的保护,同时明确市场混淆行为,引入标识的概念,拓宽对标识的保护范围。目前,正在加快推进《专利法》《著作权法》等法律修订。

 Building a full-fledged legal system on IPR protection. Since acceding to the WTO, China has formulated and improved its laws and regulations on IPR protection, set up IPR working mechanisms with many countries, drawn upon advanced international legislative practices, and built an IPR legal system that conforms to WTO rules and suits national conditions of China. The amended Trademark Law sets up a system of punitive damages. The amended Anti-Unfair Competition Law improves the protection of trade secrets, identifies act of confusion, introduces the concept of sign and expands the scope of protection for sign. Currently China is working on amending the Patent Law and the Copyright Law.

 持续加强知识产权保护执法力度。强化知识产权保护司法主导作用,把违法成本显著提上去,把法律威慑作用充分发挥出来。重新组建国家知识产权局,完善执法力量,加大执法力度。在北京、上海、广州设立三家知识产权法院,在南京、苏州、武汉、西安等 15 个中级法院内设立专门审判机构,跨区域管辖专利等知识产权案件。加大行政执法力度,针对重点违法领域,开展专利“护航”行动、打击网络侵权盗版“剑网”行动、出版物版权“扫黄打非”和“秋风”行动、打击侵权假冒的“网剑行动”“质检利剑”打假行动等专项行动,有效保护了知识产权。

 Continuously strengthening law enforcement on IPR protection. China has enhanced the dominant role of the judiciary in IPR protection to significantly raise the cost for offenders and fully unlock the deterrent effect of relevant laws. The State Intellectual Property Office has been restructured to strengthen law enforcement. China has set up three IPR courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and special judicial organs at 15 intermediate courts in Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuhan, Xi’an and other cities to handle cross-regional IPR cases, including those related to patents. China strengthened administrative law enforcement on intellectual property protection and launched special campaigns targeting outstanding problems, which effectively protected intellectual property rights. Such campaigns include “Convoy Campaign” for protecting patent rights, the “Sword-net Campaign” for combating online infringement and piracy, the “Sweeping Campaign” for cracking down pornography and illegal publication in the copyright field, the “Network Sword Campaign” for combating IPR infringements and counterfeits and the “Sword Actions on Quality Control” for cracking down counterfeits.

  知识产权保护效果明显。从 2001 年起,中国对外支付知识产权费年均增长 17%,2017 年达到 286 亿美元。2017 年,中国发明专利申请量达到 138.2 万件,连续 7 年居世界首位,申请者中近 10%为外国单位和个人;国外来华发明专利申请量达到 13.6 万件,较 2001 年 3.3 万件的申请量增长了 3 倍。世界知识产权组织日前公布,2017 年,中国通过《专利合作条约》途径提交的专利申请受理量达 5.1万件,仅次于美国,居全球第二位。

 Attaining notable results in IPR protection. Since 2001, intellectual property royalties paid by China to foreign right holders has registered an annual growth of 17 percent, reaching USD28.6 billion in 2017. In 2017, China received 1.382 million invention patent applications, ranking the first in the world for the seventh consecutive year. Nearly 10 percent of the applicants were foreign entities and individuals. Invention patent applications filed by foreign entities and individuals in China reached 136,000, growing by threefold compared with 33,000 in 2001. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, 51,000 patent applications filed from China through the Patent Cooperation Treaty were accepted in 2017, second only to the US.

 (五)履行透明度义务

 5. Fulfilling commitments on transparency

 明确提供法律制度保障。《立法法》《行政法规制定程序条例》《规章制定程序条例》明确要求法律、行政法规和规章草案须按有关规定公开征求公众意见。全国人大常委会法工委定期出版《中华人民共和国法律》(英文版)。国务院法制机构定期出版《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(中英文对照),商务部在《中国对外经济贸易文告》中定期发布贸易政策。

 Providing a solid legal basis. The Legislation Law, the Regulations on Procedures for Formulation of Administrative Regulations, and the Regulations on Procedures for Formulation of Rules explicitly provide for the solicitation of public comments on draft laws, administrative regulations and rules. The legislative affairs commission of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress regularly publishes the Laws of the People’s Republic of China (English edition); the State Council’s legislative affairs organ regularly publishes the Laws and Regulations of the People’s Republic of China Governing Foreign-Related Matters (Chinese and English bilingual edition); and the Ministry of Commerce regularly publishes trade policies in China Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Gazette.

 全面履行世贸组织通报义务。中国按照要求定期向世贸组织通报国内相关法律、法规和具体措施的修订调整和实施情况。截至 2018 年 1 月,中国提交的通报已达上千份,涉及中央和地方补贴政策、农业、技术法规、标准、合格评定程序、国营贸易、服务贸易、知识产权法律法规等诸多领域。

 Comprehensively implementing the WTO notification obligations. China has submitted notifications to the WTO on a regular basis concerning the amendment, revision and implementation of relevant laws, regulations and measures as required by the WTO. By January 2018, China had submitted over one thousand notifications covering areas such as central and sub-central subsidy policies, agriculture, technical regulations, standards, conformity assessment procedures, state trading, trade in services, and IPR laws and regulations.

 (六)为履行承诺付出巨大努力

 6. Making tremendous efforts to honor its commitments

 中国在加入世贸组织时作出广泛而深入的开放承诺,国内企业直接面对国际竞争,多数产业面临较大困难。中国企业主动应对挑战,大力推进产业结构调整,积极参与全球价值链,国际竞争力明显提升。

 China made extensive and profound commitments on opening up when entering the WTO. Domestic companies were confronted with international competition, and most industries faced great difficulties. Rising up to these challenges, Chinese companies took the initiative to promote structural readjustment, participated in the global value chains and significantly increased their international competitiveness.

  二、中国坚定支持多边贸易体制

 II. China Firmly Supports the Multilateral Trading System

 以世贸组织为核心的多边贸易体制是国际贸易的基石,为推动全球贸易发展、建设开放型世界经济发挥了中流砥柱作用。加入世贸组织以来,中国始终坚定支持多边贸易体制,全面参与世贸组织各项工作,推动世贸组织更加重视发展中成员的关切,反对单边主义和保护主义,维护多边贸易体制的权威性和有效性,与各成员共同推动世贸组织在经济全球化进程中发挥更大作用。

 The multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core is the cornerstone of international trade, and has been playing a pivotal role in promoting global trade and building an open world economy. Since its accession to the WTO, China has firmly supported the multilateral trading system, participated in all aspects of WTO work. It called upon the WTO to focus more on the concerns of developing members, opposed unilateralism and protectionism, upheld the authority and efficacy of the multilateral trading system, and made concerted efforts with other members in supporting the WTO to play a greater role in economic globalization.

 (一)积极推进贸易投资自由化便利化

 1. Liberalizing and facilitating trade and investment

 全面参与多哈回合各项议题谈判。中国提出和联署谈判建议百份以上,推动贸易便利化、农业出口竞争等多项议题达成协议,推动多边贸易体制不断完善。2015 年,中国成为接受《贸易便利化协定》议定书的第 16 个世贸组织成员。2016 年中国担任二十国集团主席国期间,推动多国完成《贸易便利化协定》的国内批准程序,为协定早日生效作出了积极贡献。

 Participating fully in the Doha Round negotiations. China has submitted or co-sponsored more than 100 negotiation proposals, helped secure agreement on trade facilitation and export competition in agricultural products, and promoted the continuous improvement of the multilateral trading system. In 2015, China became the 16th WTO member to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). During its G20 presidency in 2016, China encouraged a number of countries to complete their domestic ratification procedures of the TFA, prompting the agreement’s entry into effect at an early date.

 积极推动诸边贸易自由化进程。作为发展中成员,中国积极参与诸边自由化倡议,并为谈判作出了重要贡献。中国在加入世贸组织时参加了《信息技术协定》,在此基础上深入参与该协定扩围谈判,推动各方就取消 201 项信息技术产品的关税达成协议。中国是《环境产品协定》谈判的发起方之一,始终以积极建设性态度参与磋商,在二十国集团领导人杭州峰会期间推动谈判达成重要共识。中国于2007 年启动加入《政府采购协定》谈判,为加入该协定作出了积极努力。

 Promoting plurilateral trade liberalization. As a developing country, China has actively participated in plurilateral liberalization initiatives and made important contributions to relevant talks. It accepted the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) upon accession, subsequently participated in the negotiations to expand its coverage, and encouraged relevant parties to reach agreement on eliminating tariffs of 201 information technology products. As one of the initiators of the negotiations on the Environment Goods Agreement, China always participated in relevant discussions in a constructive manner, and contributed to the important consensus reached at the G20 Summit in Hangzhou. In 2007, China started the negotiation on its accession to the Agreement on Government Procurement and has been making great efforts ever since.

 有力促进世贸组织新议题讨论。中国推动世贸组织积极回应投资便利化、中小微企业、电子商务等世贸组织成员普遍关注的新议题并开展相关讨论。发起成立“投资便利化之友”,引导 70 多个成员达成《关于投资便利化的部长联合声明》。加入“中小微企业之友”,推介中国在世贸组织相关提案中关于支持中小微企业的内容。加入“电子商务发展之友”,积极推动世贸组织电子商务议题多边讨论,分享经验做法,帮助发展中成员从发展电子商务中受益。

 Mobilizing support for discussing new issues in the WTO. China has encouraged the WTO to respond to and discuss new topics of general interest to the members such as investment facilitation, micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), and e-commerce. China initiated “Friends of Investment Facilitation for Development (FIFD)” and sponsored the Joint Ministerial Statement on Investment Facilitation for Development signed by over 70 members. China joined the “Friends of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises”, and shared with other members its proposals that support MSMEs. As an advocate of multilateral discussions on e-commerce in the WTO, China joined “Friends of E-commerce for Development (FED)”, shared its experiences and helped other developing members benefit from e-commerce.

 切实履行《贸易便利化协定》。作为发展中成员,中国积极推动实施《贸易便利化协定》。中国组建了国家贸易便利化委员会,各有关部门通力协作,提高贸易便利化水平。截至 2017 年,各省(自治区、直辖市)已经建立了贸易便利化工作联席会议制度,积极做好本地区贸易便利化相关工作。在履行该协定方面,中国的 A 类措施(协定生效后立即实施)所占比重达到 94.5%,目前仅保留 4 项 B 类措施(协定生效后经过一定过渡期后实施)。中国将严格履行承诺,在 3 年过渡期后如期实施 B 类措施。

 Faithfully implementing the Trade Facilitation Agreement. As a developing member, China has actively promoted the implementation of TFA. It has set up the National Committee on Trade Facilitation to coordinate the efforts of relevant government agencies to enhance trade facilitation. By 2017, China’s provinces (as well as autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had all established a joint committee mechanism for trade facilitation in their respective jurisdictions. Regarding China’s TFA commitments, 94.5 percent of all commitments fall into Category A (immediately implemented upon entry into force of the TFA), and only four items belong to Category B (implemented after a transitional period following the TFA’s entry into force). China will honor its promise and implement all the Category B measures following a transitional period of three years after entry into force of the Agreement.

 (二)有效维护争端解决机制法律地位

 2. Safeguarding the dispute settlement mechanism

 积极维护争端解决机制有效运转。世贸组织争端解决机制为保障国际贸易可预见性、维护多边贸易体制稳定发挥了重要作用。中国积极参与改进争端解决程序的谈判,支持世贸组织上诉机构独立公正开展上诉审议工作。针对当前个别世贸组织成员阻挠上诉机构成员遴选,中国与 60 多个成员联署提案,努力推动尽快启动遴选程序。

  Safeguarding the effective operation of the dispute settlement mechanism. The WTO dispute settlement mechanism has played a vital role in maintaining the predictability of international trade and the stability of the multilateral trading system. China has actively participated in the negotiations on improving the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes and supports the independence and impartiality of the WTO Appellate Body. Despite the attempt of certain WTO member to obstruct the appointment of members of the Appellate Body, China joined more than 60 members in submitting a proposal on starting the selection process at the earliest possible date.

 妥善处理与其他成员的贸易纠纷。中国主张通过世贸组织争端解决机制妥善解决贸易争端。按照事项统计,截至 2018 年 4 月,中国在世贸组织起诉案件 17 项,已结案 8 项;被诉案件 27 项,已结案 23项。中国通过主动起诉,遏制了少数世贸组织成员的不公正做法,维护了自身贸易利益和世贸规则权威。中国积极应对被诉案件,尊重并认真执行世贸组织裁决,作出了符合世贸规则的调整,无一例被起诉方申请报复的情况。

 Properly handling trade disputes with other WTO members. China supports WTO members to solve their trade disputes within the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. By April 2018, China had brought 17 disputes to the WTO, of which 8 had been concluded. Meanwhile, China had been complained against in 27 disputes, of which 23 had been concluded. By lodging complaints in the WTO, China redressed other members’ violation of obligations under the covered agreements, and defended its own trade interests as well as the authority of WTO rules. China also actively defended the cases against it, respected the WTO rulings, and made adjustments to its measures according to WTO rules. Up to now, none of the complainants has requested for retaliation against China.

 (三)深度参与贸易政策审议

 3. Fully participating in trade policy review

 认真接受成员的贸易政策监督。世贸组织贸易政策审议机制有助于增加多边贸易体制的透明度。中国高度重视贸易政策审议,已接受世贸组织六次审议,并正在积极准备即将于 2018 年 7 月进行的世贸组织对中国的第七次贸易政策审议。中国始终以开放坦诚的姿态,介绍宏观经济和贸易投资政策发展情况,听取其他成员对中国改革开放的意见和建议。世贸组织成员赞赏中国参与审议的态度,认为中国履约、合规、开放的良好形象为发挥审议机制作用树立了典范。

 Attaching great importance to trade policy monitoring by other WTO members. The WTO trade policy review (TPR) mechanism is effective in enhancing the transparency of the multilateral trading system. China places great emphasis on the TPR process. Having undergone six TPRs on itself, China is preparing for the seventh one in July 2018. In an open and frank manner, China has briefed the WTO membership on its macro-economic, trade and investment policies, and listened attentively to their comments and suggestions on China’s reform and opening-up. Other WTO members applaud China’s active participation and regard China as an impressive example in reinforcing the role of TPR in monitoring commitments, ensuring compliance and enhancing openness.

 敦促其他成员遵守多边贸易协定。加入世贸组织以来,中国参与世贸组织对其他成员审议近 300 次,向被审议成员提交书面问题和贸易关注数千项,敦促其他成员遵守世贸组织规则和有关承诺,为维护和强化审议机制功能发挥了积极作用。

 Urging other WTO members to abide by multilateral trade agreements. Since its accession to the WTO, China has participated in nearly 300 TPRs on other members. It raised thousands of written questions and

 trade concerns to the members under review, urged them to abide by the WTO rules and their commitments, and played a positive role in safeguarding and strengthening the TPR mechanism.

 (四)全力支持发展中国家融入多边贸易体制

 4. Vigorously supporting the integration of developing members into the multilateral trading system

 支持世贸组织将发展作为工作重心。确保发展中国家尤其是最不发达国家从国际贸易中获益,进而实现经济增长是世贸组织宗旨之一。作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国对发展中成员在参与全球价值链分工、参与国际经贸治理等方面面临的困难表示关切,努力推动贸易为实现 2030 年可持续发展议程作出积极贡献。

 Supporting the WTO to focus on development. An important objective of the WTO is to ensure that developing members, especially least-developed country members, benefit from international trade and boost their economic growth. As the largest developing country, China understands the difficulties of developing members to benefit from the global value chains and participate in international economic and trade governance. China worked hard to make trade an enabler of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

 向其他发展中成员提供务实有效的支持。加大对发展中成员特别是最不发达国家成员援助力度,促进缩小南北发展差距。截至 2018 年 3 月,已对 36 个建交且已完成换文手...

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