1999年考研英语真题阅读详解
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1999年阅读真题精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)转载标签：
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1999 Text 1
It"s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers" misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child"s Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn"t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We"re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren"t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete"s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.
[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
[D] feel obliged to view customers" safety as their first concern
53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.
[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
[C] product labels would eventually be discarded
[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54. The author"s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
核心词汇
1. rough 粗糙的，不平坦的；粗野的；tough 艰巨的；艰难的
2. step 走
3. slip 滑到
4. light up 点燃
5. burn down 烧毁
6. fail to 没有
7. lawsuit=suit 起诉；诉讼
8. compensate for 为…作出补偿
9. jury 陪审团
10. hold sb. liable for 让…对…负责
11. misfortune 不幸
12. respond 做出反应
13. warning labels 警告标识
14. caution 警告
15. while 尽管，而，当…时候
16. appropriate 合适的
17. interaction相互作用
18. regulation 规则
19. claim 索赔
20. side with 支持
21. defendant 被告；
22. involving 涉及到
23. paralyze 瘫痪
24. nature 本质；by nature 天性
25. carry substantial weight 具有相当的分量
26. issue 发布了；发行了
27. bombard with 大量提供
28. a sea of 大量的
29. trivialities 琐事
30. end 目的
31. have one’s way 得以实现
32. legal liability 法律责任
33. misfortune
难句精解
①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容，and后面的many省略了warnings，state与federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一个主从复合句，主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的从句，注意这个从句中有个动词短语protect... from...，后面是一个if引导的条件从句。
△ 首先要把握这个句子的主旨，那就是主句中所阐明的warnings对manufacturers and sellers的保护作用还很不明朗。注意破折号之间的部分对warnings的解释作用以及it作为形式主语的替代作用。
②As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn"t have changed anything.
▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由as引导的伴随状语从句，注意这里的claims是个名词；主句的时态用的是现在进行时，表示的这种状况正在开始。这个主句有一个较长的状语短语，原因是cases后面跟了一个where引导的定语从句修饰cases，这个定语从句的主干是warning label not change anything，解释的是什么样的cases。
△ 主句依然是抓住句子大意的关键，该句所要表达的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants，再者要注意cases后面定语从句指出了哪类cases尤为如此。
③In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.
▲这个句子的主干是... president... successfully fought a lawsuit...。句子的主语是Julie Nimmons，后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位，宾语部分a lawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词involving所引导的短语，involving的宾语是a football player，后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句，这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语，还原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。找出其中的关键部分：... president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。
④At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
▲这个看起来很长的句子其实是一个简单句，主干是... the... Institute... issued new guidelines for tort law...。其中破折号之间的内容说明的是这个Institute的人员构成，并且用一个whose引导的定语从句说明了这些成员的权威。law后面跟的现在分词stating有一个相当长的宾语从句，这个从句的主语是companies，而谓语有两个动词结构，一个是warn... of...，另一个是bombard... with...，叙述了guidelines的内容。
△ 这个句子的要点是在stating后面的that从句，对其中两个动词结构warn... of...和bombard... with...的正确理解决定了对整个句子的理解。
⑤If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
▲在这个复合句中，if引导的是一个条件从句，主句部分的谓语用了被动形式，谓语动词provide for有两个宾语，一个是the benefits of customers，另一个是protection against legal liability，not决定了两者的取舍关系：取前者，舍后者。
△ 从句给出了前提条件，注意has its way的意思是can be achieved；理解主句部分的关键在于provide for的两个宾语的取舍关系。
补充: Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s中的thinking是一种思想的意思，指的是上面所说过的人们对于通过法律获得赔偿的思想。gone本意是消失，这里可以意译为改变，就是说这种思想已经改变。但是我个人觉得，从前后文看，这个gone不是否定，所以应该是开始的意思，也就是说应该翻译成这种思想已经形成了。
试题解析
51. [B] 意为：受伤的顾客可望得到法律制度的保护。
第一段指出，外面是个危险的世界，如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿；如果点燃炉灶，可能烧毁整栋房屋。可幸的是，如果门垫或炉灶没有警告你可能发生的危害，你可以就自己所受的伤害诉诸法律，成功地获得赔偿。或者，更确切地说，自80年代初以来人们一直这样认为，从那时起，陪审团开始认为更多的公司应该对其顾客遭受的不幸负责。
第二段提到，为了保护自己，公司开始撰写冗长的标签，但是，正如第三段第二句所指出的那样，这种做法无济于事，因为，如果顾客与公司对簿公堂，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。然而，第四段第一句指出，这种潮流似乎正发生逆转。
[A]顾客可以通过诉讼免除自己的灾难。relieve sb. of sth.意为“免除某人某事；解除某人某事；使某人摆脱某事”。relieve的意思与原文表达的内容不相符，根据对选择项B的分析，顾客通过法律获得的是对损失的赔偿。看原文，顾客都已经是出事后才找诉讼，事情既然发生了怎么能够免除呢？所以说无论从原文还是从常理都是不对的。
[C]公司将会通过提供新的警示标签避免被起诉。该选择项有两处主要错误：一是avoid的使用，二是new的使用，这两个词的使用使C与原文表达的内容很不一致。这句话用了would avoid这个词，这就是说能够逃避的意思。但是原文根本没有提到是否这么做能否逃避法律的制裁。更何况，从常理考虑也不应该是这样。还有，这句话用了new这个词，原文中也找不到根据。所以[C]是不对的。
[D]陪审团倾向于对公司所承诺的赔偿严加挑剔。这个与原文中“when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers" misfortunes”比较相象，但是原文的这句话意思是：当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。可以看出，这两句的意思还是不同的。一句是有关赔偿的严谨性，一句是有关赔偿的执行度。
52. [C] 意为：充分利用标签避免法律责任。
第二段指出，公司感到很大威胁，它们通过撰写比以前更长的警示标签保护自己，企图预料各种可能发生的事故。结果，现在的梯子上的标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外，还警告说你可能摔下来——这种警告真是莫名其妙！孩子的蝙蝠侠玩具的斗篷上也警告说：本玩具“并不能使拥有者飞行”。在作者看来，这样的警示语都是多余的、不必要的。
[A]通过在产品上写长长的警示语满足顾客。根据上文对选择项C的分析，他们这样做的目的主要是避免承担责任，而不是满足顾客的需要。
[B]意为：在描述自己的产品的不足上表现得更诚实。这个其实肯定不是商人们的本意，毕竟无奸不商，有哪个商人会这么诚实，把自己产品的缺点告诉别人？
[D]意为：不得不将顾客的安全看作头等重要的事。这个问题嘛，其实想一下，商人的目的就是赚钱，头等重要的事怎么可能是....从文章第二段可以看出，Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident。公司是因为受了威胁所以才开始贴标签的，但是文章并未说是因为考虑到顾客安全才这么做的。
而且，从常理推断，公司应该是考虑到自身利益才这么做的。因此D选项应该是偷梁换柱大法。
53. [A] 意为：某些因伤害提出的索赔再也受不到法律的保护了。
第三段指出，潮流似乎正发生逆转，虽然因人身伤害引起的索赔案像以往一样不断出现，某些法庭正逐渐开始站到被告一边(side with)，特别是在有警示标签也可能无济于事的案件中。在Schutt Sports的案件中，Schutt Sports公司被告生产了不安全的头盔，造成一名橄揽球队员(football player)的瘫痪，但是，陪审团认为，造成球员受伤的不是头盔，而是橄榄球这种运动本身的危险性(the nature of the game)。公司因此胜诉。这一例子用于说明第四段第一、二句提到的现象。
[B]头盔不是设计来防止损伤的。戴头盔的目的当然是防止伤害，但是，头盔不可能是万能的。B答案是表面的意思，一般考研命题中不会把答案设定给这种选项的。因为“头盔不是设计来防止损伤的”这个即使从常理来讲也不正确，头盔本来就是用来防止损伤的。而且原文中也没提到这点。
[C]产品标签最终将会被淘汰。discard意为：弃而不用。
[D]运动员可能不再会热衷于某些体育运动项目。这个从常理上来说就不太对，再对照原文，原文只是说了一次事故引发的关于体育用品的争论，但是没有任何地方可以看出运动员会不再热衷于某些项目。只是一次单纯的事故而已，没有理由就夸张到放弃这一层，因此这个选项明显是用了夸张的手法。
54. [D] 意为：客观的。
这里所说的“问题”指索赔案中孰是孰非这一问题。文章探讨了索赔案所涉及的顾客（原告）、公司（被告）和陪审团三方的反应，重点指出陪审团态度的转变。文章叙述客观，作者没有表达个人观点。关于态度题有很多偏方，基本上说，ABC三项这三个词基本不可能成为任何题的答案。而D这个词，绝对是首选项，基本上出现了选它就没错。因为，所有的选中文章讨论的大多是客观问题，作者的态度更是客观的。如果是主观的话根本就犯了主观主义错误......
[A]有偏见的。这个单词在考研英语阅读中很难会成为正确答案的，毕竟你想，既然能当选全国研究生入学考试试题，没有鲜明的中心思想是不可能的，像有偏见的这种态度基本是不可能出现的。反过来说，客观的这种态度基本是放之四海而皆准的。
[B]冷漠的。[C]迷惑不解的。如果对于问题是迷惑不解的，那么整篇文章就是说没有表明鲜明的立场。但是这种文章是不可能入选研究生入学考试的。更何况从原文来看，作者的态度相当明显，因此是客观的。
参考译文
外面是一个危险的世界。如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉灶，可能会把房子烧掉。但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。大约自80年代初以来人们就不再（guangxian注：此处“不再”二字应删除！）这样认为了，当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。
公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。现在，梯子上警告标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！印在儿童蝙蝠侠披风上的标识语竟然也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。
虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，如对药物副作用而产生的危险的警示语，并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于责任，这还很难说。被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。
现在看来这种趋势正在转变。尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。五月份，伊利诺斯州的Shutt体育公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但头盔的设计不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。与此同时，美国法学会——
该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成——签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。如果该法律团体的这一适中的目的能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息实际上是用来保护消费者利益的，而不是为了避免公司承担法律责任的。
1999 Text 2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they"re looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company"s private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers" computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company"s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That"s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyardsa. Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.
[A] has been striving to expand its market
[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion
[C] tried but in vain to control the market
[D] has been booming for one year or so
56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.
[A] the technology is popular with many Web users
[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
[C] there is a radical change in strategy
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57. In the view of Net purists, ________.
[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture
[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web
[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set
[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests
58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
核心词汇
1. or so 左右，
2. web=website 网络
3. revolve around 围绕
4. tap 轻打；开发；水龙头
5. more than 不仅仅是；不只是
6. make sense 有道理；有意义
7. nonetheless 尽管如此
8. reliability 可靠性
9. pathway 小径，通路，路径
10. supplier 供应商
11. limit 限制
12. conduct 进行，做
13. online transaction 在线交易
14. established 确定的；已有的
15. access to 进入；有权利做
16. intranet 局域网；internet 互联网
17. shift 转变，变化
18. model 模式，方式
19. concern 与…有关
20. available 可以用来；可以得到的
21. focus on 关注；集中
22. strategy 策略；方法
23. transmit 传递；发送
24. targeted 目标的；有针对性的
25. notably 明显地
26. deliver 发送
27. update 更新；upload 上传
28. a stream of 大量的
29. sunscriber 订阅者；订购者；用户；subscribe to 向…订阅；同意
30. monitor 监控器
31. customize 定制
32. proceed to 继续做；precede 在…之前
33. contempt 蔑视
34. think highly of 高度称赞
35. notion 观点
36. commercial promotion 商业促销
37. uninvited 不请自来
38. distinction 区别；区分
39. fade=disappear=vanish=perish 消失，不存在
40. prospect=future将来
41. horrify 让…感到恐怖
42. purist 净化者
43. inevitable 不可避免的
44. resort to 求助于
45. right 合适的；正确的；右边的；权力
46. interactivity 互动
47. hospitality 热情好客；inhospitality 冷漠
48. plunge 冒险
难句精解
①Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company"s private intranet.
▲这个句子的主谓宾很明显，但是重要的是by后面的conducting引导的动名词短语，表示的是companies limiting the risk的方式方法。还要注意的是partners后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句，说明了partners所享受的待遇。
△ 找出其中的关键部分：... companies... limiting... risk by... transactions... with established... partners who... access to... company"s... intranet。注意intranet与internet的差别：后者是国际互联网，前者是公司内部网。
②In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.
▲在这个简单句中，宾语tools带了一个that引导的定语从句，修饰tools，在这个从句中真正的主语是tools，由that替代，注意这个从句中谓语动词短语allow... to...的形式；后面跟了一个transmitting引导的现在分词短语，相当于that从句的补充成分，进一步说明push information to consumer的方式。
△ 这个句子的主要内容集中在develop tools以及tools后面的that从句，从句中关键信息在于几个动词的使用：allow，push，transmit等。
③Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.
▲这个句子的主句就是that前面的部分，注意动词短语think highly of的含义，但是理解这个句子的关键在于宾语notion后面所跟的that引导的同位语从句，就是说that从句解释的就是notion的内容。这个从句中的主语information后面跟了一个修饰性的flowing引导的现在分词短语。
△ 在抓住了主干think highly of the notion之后，理解这个句子的关键在于对that从句的理解，尤其是by specific request决定了notion的重要内容。
④The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
▲这个句子的主干是... examples... show... a Web site... will attract... customers。抓住这个主干，再看其它成分：examples后面跟的of短语是限定成分，说明examples的内容；谓语动词show后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句，这个宾语从句的主语a Web site后面跟了一个现在分词短语作限定成分，这个短语的动词是selling，宾语是the right kind of products，再加上一个较长的表示方式的状语，注意介词宾语mix后面有一个of引导的三个并列名词表示mix的内容，后面will attract online customers是这个从句的谓语和宾语。
△ 找出句子的主谓宾，再看不同成分的修饰限定部分，再者要注意宾语从句的主语所带的现在分词结构的限定短语。
⑤And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.
▲这个句子的主句是逗号前的句子，容易理解，重要的是逗号后which引导的从句，这里which指代的是逗号前的这个句子，指的是这个句子所陈述的现象，which在这里充当的是从句的主语，enterprise后面有一个现在分词短语，起限定作用。
△ 重要的是弄清从句中which引导词所指的是前面整个句子，这样就可以得知a good sign的意思。另外注意setting up shop in silicon中silicon原意是“硅”，在这里指代的是“互联网”与“计算机”。
试题解析
55. [A] 意为：一直在竭力开拓其市场。
第一段指出，在网络公司创办的最初一两年中，大部分措施是围绕着努力开拓(tap)消费者市场。最近，随着网络证明不仅是一种时尚而已，公司开始（在网上）相互买卖产品或提供服务，公司间的这种买卖方式是很有道理的，因为商人一般都知道自己所需要的产品。第一句和第二句都叙述了公司企图利用网上资源开拓业务的努力，第三句是对第二句提到的现象的评价。
[B]意为：打算遵循一种空幻的时尚。
[C]企图控制市场，但徒劳无益。第一段仅提到了它们的努力，并未提到努力的结果。
[D]意为：在一年左右的时间里发展迅速。第一段仅提到了它们的努力，并未提到努力的结果。事实上，正
如第二段所提到的，许多公司目前仍然因为怀疑网络的安全性而对网络的使用犹豫不决。
56. [C] 意为：在策略上发生了根本改变。
第三段第一句指出，网络商业模式的另一个重大变化是营销策略的变化。在这个句子中，technology的意思不是“技术”，而是“技巧”，这里指销售方法。根据第三段，这里所说的变化指从“推”到“拉”的变化。两种营销策略迥然不同。
[A]这种技术（或方法）受到了许多网络用户的喜爱。与原文的第三段But push technology has earned the contempt(蔑视) of many Web users自相矛盾。
[B]为：公司对在线交易的可靠性充满信心。根据第二段第一句，许多公司对网络的可靠性表示怀疑，因此对使用网络仍然很忧虑。
[D]它仅限于对固定合作伙伴使用。Limitedly=only用在这里过于绝对。
57. [D] 意为：没有要求就不应该有在线商业信息。即：没有主动要求就不应该提供在线商业信息。
根据第三段最后四句，“推”的策略受到了许多网上用户的厌弃，在线用户们极力推崇这种做法：信息应该根据特定要求载入（用户的）屏幕。商业信息一旦在没有要求的情况下就被推入用户的屏幕，那么，网络和电视的区别就不存在了，这种前景正是Net purists所惧怕的。这里，Net purists指主张保持网络特色的人。
[A]意为：在线领域不应该有销售信息。根据对[D]的分析，这些人反对的是销售信息的传送方式，而不是这种信息本身。
[B]上网的首要目的应该是为了赚钱。
[C]网络的功能应该像电视一样。这正是Net purist所反对的。
58. [B] 互动、礼貌、安全对在线客户来说很重要。这里互动（指网上人机对话功能）、礼貌（指网上热情服务）、安全都指网络信息的特点或提供方式。
在最后一段作者指出，网上的公司不使用“推”的策略也肯定能赚钱。Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com（两个网址的名称）以及其他开拓者的例子表明：销售对路产品的网址，加上互动、礼貌、安全等特点，将同样会吸引网上客户。
[A]对网上商业来说，在网上“推”信息至关重要。根据上文的分析，事实恰恰相反。
[C]一些大公司在几十年前就开始积极尝试在线服务。第四段最后一句指出，只要回顾一下过去5年至10年的历史人们很可能会感到奇怪：为什么如此少的公司尝试在线服务呢？
[D]在计算机上建立销售点与（计算机的）运算能力无关。根据第四段第三句，计算机的运算能力成本不断下降，这对于企事业在计算机上建立销售点是个好的形势。所渭“计算机的运算能力成本不断下降”指计算机和网络上网价格变得便宜；所谓“在硅中设立商店”指在计算机（网络）上设立销售点。可见，二者是相关的。
参考译文
大约在网上交易的第一年当中，大部分业务活动都是围绕着努力开发消费者市场来进行的。最近，随着证明网络不仅是一种时尚而已，公司间便开始（在网上）交易产品和服务。这类公司之间的销售是很有道理的，因为商人通常都知道他们需要什么产品。
不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。Forrester研究所的资深分析家布兰·欧文说
，“商家需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的这种途径。”有些公司为了限制这种冒险，只与那些已经熟识的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。
网络商业模式的另一个重大变化体现在营销策略上。前些年，互联网上的营销活动还集中在如何将用户“拉进”网站的策略问题上。然而，在去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，这些技术使得公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价商品、产品推销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。但这种“推”销技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。网上文化推崇这样一个概念，即流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现的。一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。
网上公司并不是非得依靠“推销”策略方能挣钱。像Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com及其他开拓者的例子说明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将交互性、热情服务、安全性合理结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。计算能力的成本持续自由下降，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说都是个好的征兆。回顾过去的5到10年的历史，人们很可能会感到奇怪：尝试网上销售的公司为何如此之少呢？
1999 Text 3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone"s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.
[A] far-reaching
[B] dubiously oriented
[C] self-contradictory
[D] radically reformatory
60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.
[A] is indicative of a pessimism is disguise
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