美国德克萨斯州驾驶考试资料中英对照
发布时间:2020-09-08 来源: 事迹材料 点击： 
美国德克萨斯州驾驶考试模拟题及相关资料 中英对照 为了帮助我深爱的妻子 Cathy 顺利通过德克萨斯州的驾驶考试，我利用搜集到的考试模拟题、真题及其他资料，翻译并整理。利用这份资料，妻子顺利通过考试，笔试路考一次通过，不负我一番苦心。愿与大家分享，希望每对相爱夫妇均能幸福美满。ZF 2011.10 理论部分：
License & License Related 驾照相关内容 Your drivers license may be suspended for causing one serious accident。
出现严重的事故，你的驾照会被暂停。
Your license may be suspended or revoked for letting someone use your license。
让别人使用你的驾照，你的驾照将被暂停或吊销。
If a policeman requests you to take a test to see if you are driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and you refuse, your license will be suspended for 6 months. 当警察要求你参加酒精或药物测试，你拒绝，你的驾照将被暂停 6 个月。
When a parent signs the application of a minor for a drivers license, the parent and the teenager assume responsibility. 当父母签字同意未成年人参加驾驶考试时，家长和未成年人均承担相应责任。
An instruction permit is good for 1 year from the applicant’s next birthday. 家长的同意一年有效，截止于申请人的下一个生日。（申请人为未成年人）
A provisional license is issued to a person under 18 years of age 18 岁以下的申请人只能申请临时驾照。
The minimum age to obtain a drivers license is 16 years old 申请驾照的最低年龄为 16 岁。
Parking Rules 泊车 1. A vehicle should never park within 15 ft of a fire hydrant (ca. 4 m) 在消防龙头 15 英尺内不能泊车。（1 英尺=0.3048 米 15 英尺大约 4.6 米）
Do not park within 30 feet of a traffic light or stop sign 交通信号灯、停止信号（stop sign）30 英尺内不能泊车。（30 英尺大约 9 米）
Parallel parking is a test of maneuverability (6” to 18” from the curb) 平行停车考察的是对车的操控能力。（距离路缘石 6-18 英寸 1 英寸（in）=2.54 厘米（cm）
因此 15cm-45cm）
When parking near a corner, you may park your car no closer than 20 feet from the crosswalk 在路口停车，泊车应距离人行横道至少 20 英尺。（20 英尺 大约 6 米）
When parking on a hill headed down, it is best to turn your front wheels to the curb 在山坡下坡路泊车，最好将前轮转向路沿石。
Traffic Lights, Sign Lights 交通信号 If blinded by an approaching car at night, it is best to slow and look at the white line by the edge of the road 夜间行车时当对面行进车辆大灯耀眼时，最好减速慢行并将目光转向路缘的白线。
A driver waiting to make a left turn at a solid green light should yield to all coming vehicles 绿灯前准备左转的车辆让其他车辆先行。
A flashing yellow light means caution, slow down 黄灯闪烁提示小心，减速慢行 A flashing red light means always to stop 红灯闪烁提示停车 You are required by law to turn your headlights on for night driving ? hour after sunset until hour before sunrise 根据法律规定，你应在日落后半小时直至日出前半小时将大灯打开。
The lights on your car must be turned on anytime day or night when persons or vehicles cannot be clearly seen for 1000 ft. 当车前 1000 英尺的车辆行人无法看清时，无论白天或黑夜，均应该打开大灯。（300 米）
When meeting a school bus which has stopped to load or unload students you must stop and wait until the flashing red lights go off 当前方遇到校车停车上下学生时，必须停车等候直至闪烁的红灯熄灭。
When driving in fog you can see better by using low beam headlights 雾天行车时，使用 前雾灯可改善视野。
At night a driver should dim their headlights when an oncoming car comes within 500 feet 夜间行车时，前方 500 英尺有车会车时，应使用近光灯 150 米。
A green arrow at a traffic light means you are protected to carefully go in the direction the arrow shows 前方绿色箭头亮时，你可以沿箭头方向行车。注意安全。
Speed & Speed Related 行车速度 When choosing your driving speed the most important things to consider are condition of the weather, traffic, road, light, vehicle and of the driver 选择驾驶速度最重要的是要考虑天气、交通状况、光线、车况及驾驶员本身的情况。
Under ordinary circumstances a car with good brakes going 50 mph can be stopped within 229 ft.
正常情况下，时速 50M（）的车在刹车系统良好的情况下， 刹车距离不大于 229 英尺。（70 米）
The speed limit in a school zone during restricted hours is 20 mph 在学校附近时速不得超过 20M。
If a child ran into the road 60 feet ahead of your car, the highest speed from which you could stop with good brakes before hitting him would be 20 mph 如果有孩子跑到车前 60 英尺（约 18 米）的地方，假定刹车系统良好的情况下，车的时速不超过 20M，方能确保不撞到。
At 50 mph the average driver, from the moment he sees danger until he applies the brakes, will travel about 110 feet (reaction distance) 反应距离：车速 50M 时，普通驾驶员从看到危险到踩刹车，车子前行约 110 英尺。（34 米）注意：车子刚开始停。
When approaching an intersection, bridge or railroad crossing, you should never pass on the left half of the roadway or change lanes within 100 feet 十字路口、桥梁、铁路路口 100 英尺（30 米）内， 不得变换车道及占用左面路面。
At 60 mph your field of vision is reduced to about 1/5 of what it is when you are still 速度 60M 时，你的视野将减小到静止时的 1/5. The top speed limit, day or night, in TX is 70 mph 德州的最高时速为 70M. The main causing of skidding is bad driving judgment (+ speed) 车辆打滑的主要原因为错误的判断和超速。
Fines & Financial 罚款
Proof of financial responsibility must be shown by a driver involved in an accident resulting in personal injury or property damage in excess of $1,000 当涉及导致人员受伤及超过$1,000 的财产损失的事故时，驾驶员需提交财产证明。
The most a person can be fined for a 2nd conviction of driving while intoxicated is $4,000. The 1st is $2,000 醉酒驾驶第一次罚款$2,000，第二次罚款$4,000。
3. The maximum fine for the 1st conviction of driving without a license is $200 无证驾驶第一次被抓最高罚款$200。
If you are required to show financial responsibility then such proof must be kept for 2 years 当你需要提供财产证明时，需要保留该证明 2 年。（类似银行证明，需要冻结？）
Right-of-Way, Pavement Signs & Related 路权、交通标志 A yellow line in the center of the street means the road has two-way traffic 路中央的黄线意味着为双向车道。
Intersection controlled by traffic light/signs: yield to vehicle on multi-lane highway 有交通信号控制的十字路口，通过路口注意避让其他车道 multi-lane highway 的车辆。
Intersection not controlled by traffic light/signs: yield to vehicle on right 没有交通信号的十字路口，注意避让右侧车辆。
A traffic officer must be obeyed at all times, even if he tells you to do something which is ordinarily considered against the law! 听从交通警察的命令，哪怕他的命令与日常交通规则相违背。
A solid yellow line on your side of the center stripe means do not pass (any solid line for that
matter) 不能超越黄色实线。（实线一般都不能超越）
On a three-lane road with traffic going in both directions the center lane is used for left turns only. 有三条车道的双向车道，中间车道仅用于左转。
On multiple lane highways slow drivers should drive in the right lane 在多车道的高速公路上，行驶慢得车辆应在右道行驶。
If you are driving on an unpaved road you must yield to all vehicles on a paved road 在没有铺好路面的车道上行驶的车辆应避让铺好路面的车辆。
When approaching a “T” intersection you must yield to all vehicles on through street 当接近 T 型路口时，应避让直行车辆。
The driver of a car on the access or feeder road must yield to all traffic exiting the freeway 支线上的的车辆应当避让高速路上直行的车辆 You must yield right-of-way at a 4-way stop to the first car stopped or the car on your right 在四个方向都停止的路口（十字路口），必须请先停的车辆或右侧路口的车辆先行。
4-way-stop 是一个请求自律、守秩序的路牌，而且他有一个训练作用。在一个十字路口上，四个方向的来车都要停车，然后按照先到先走的规则依次通过交叉口。这种规则的实施主要
靠司机自身的自律以及其他方向上司机的监督。虽然比平日慢，但交通比较有序。如果人们 养成了 4-way-stop 的习惯，即使信号灯发生了意外，大家也能够比较有序的通过路口了。除 了 4-way-stop 外，也有 3-way 和 5-way，通行规则与 4-way-stop 相同。
12. Crossing a solid white line should be avoided, as well as double line 不要穿越白色实线，以及双线 Various Rules Last year (2003) traffic accidents in TX killed about 4,000 people 2003 年德州有 4，000 人死于交通事故。
If you move, you should report your change of address to the DPS within 30 days 如果搬迁，必须在 30 天内将变更地址向 DPS 报告。
Pedestrians using white canes are usually blind 手持白色手杖的行人往往是盲人。
After passing another car on a two-lane road, you can best judge when it is safe to return back into the right lane when you can see the overtaken cars’ headlights in your rear-view mirror 在一条双行线超车后，返回原路线时，只有当你在后视镜中能够后车的前灯时，方才安全。
When you hear a siren coming, you should move to the right edge of the road and stop, if possible. Do not block intersections 当听到警笛声时，应靠右停车。不要停到十字路口。
The most important thing in backing a car is looking back carefully 倒车时最重要的是仔细观察。
When driving down a steep hill, you should shift to low gear 当从陡峭的山路下坡时，请挂低档。
If you should have an accident in which someone is injured, you should examine he injured with great care and send for skilled help 假如你发生事故使人受伤，你应当细致检查伤者，并迅速送医（寻求专业的医疗帮助）
When driving long distances you should rest 10 minutes for every 2 hours of driving 长途驾驶，每两个小时应休息 10 分钟。
If you run off the pavement, you should steer straight and slow down before attempting to return to the pavement 当（不慎）驶出道路时，应保持前向并减速，然后再驶回道路 It is usually safe to get out of the car on the curb side of street 从路沿石侧下车一般相对安全。
If you must walk on the roadway, you should walk on the left side to see oncoming cars or on a sidewalk whenever possible 如果你必须在行车道步行，应该走路的左侧以方便看到对面的来车，有人行道时走人行道。
If you have a blow-out while driving you should: take your foot off the accelerator, grasp the
steering wheel hard and slow to a stop 行车时若发生爆胎，应将脚从油门上拿开，紧握方向盘，慢慢停车。
Cars registered in TX must be inspected once a year (State inspection) 德州登记的车辆必须每年接受检查（州检查）
If you run over or hit someone and kill them while driving under the influence of alcohol, the penalty will be involuntary manslaughter 当你酒后 驾车撞倒某人并致人死亡，将被处以过失杀人罪。
You may lawfully allow an object to extend beyond the left fender of your car only 3 inches 合法的载物不能超过车左侧挡板 3 英寸。（约 7.5cm 1 英寸=2.54cm）
Your chances of being injured when not wearing your seat belt are 5 times greater 不系安全带受伤的几率是（带安全带的）五倍。
The minimum tread depth for tires is 2/32 of an inch 轮胎的花纹不得少于 1 英寸的 2/32 Warning signs are a diamond shape and are yellow or orange 警告标志是钻石形的（菱形），颜色为黄色或橙色。
If another driver crowds you in traffic, you should move out of your lane to avoid an accident 如果另外的驾驶员强行并道，为避免事故你应让出你的车道（让速不让道？？）
A minor is someone under the age of 21. 未成人人是指小于 21 岁。
When you wish to make a turn you should signal at least 100 feet before the intersection and be in the correct lane half block before the intersection 转弯时，应在十字路口前 100 英尺（约 30 米）处打转向灯，十字路口前半个街区走到正确的路上。
Top accepted blood-alcohol concentration in TX: 0.08 德州驾驶员血液中酒精浓度不得高于 0.08。
数字：
时速与刹车距离和视野变化 Driving speed 时速 （MPH）
Approximate stopping your field of vision
distances
刹车距离（英尺）
视野变化
0
180
20 63
2/3
30 109
40 164
2/5
50 229
60 303
1/5
70 387
时速方面 child 60 ft. ahead of car – can brake safely at 20 mph 车前 60 英尺有儿童，能安全刹车的时速
top speed school zone 20 mph 学校附近最高时速
at night, dim headlights for oncoming car 500 ft （约 150 米）
within
夜间行车，对面有车，应开启近光
灯的距离
applying brakes at a danger situation at car will travel about
50 mph 时速 50M，遇到紧急情况，从 110 ft before stop 刹车到停下的距离为，
intersection, bridge, railroad crossing no passing
> 100 ft.
靠近十字路口、桥梁、铁路路口 100 英尺内不能超车（30 米）
top speed in TX 70 mph
Parking Rules 泊车规则 from fire hydrant 距离消防栓 > 15 ft
（约 4.5 米）
from crosswalk
距离人行横道 > 20 ft
（约 6 米）
from traffic light / stop sign 距离交通信号、 > 30 ft（约 9 米）
停止信号
railroad crossing 距离火车路口 > 50 ft （约 15 米）
parallel parking (from curb) 平行停车距 6” to 18” （15cm-46cm）
离路沿石的距离
Traffic & Sign Lights 大灯
? hour after sunset
until ?
hour enforced use of headlights before sunrise
日落后半小时至日出前半小时
lights on anytime when view is reduced to
< 1,000 ft 视线不好时看不到多远的东西时， 约 300 米
at night, dim headlights for oncoming car 500 ft within 约 150 米 夜间行车，对面有车，应开启近光灯的距
离
Fines & Financial 罚款及经济 proof of financial responsibility at accident injury/damage
>
$1,000 需要提交财产证明 大于$1,000 的财产损失及人员伤亡
show financial responsibility proof kept for 2 years 需要提交财产证明 需要保存 2 年
1st
/ 2nd / 3rd DWI
offense $2,000 / $4,000 / $10,000 （driving while intoxicated）
醉酒驾车 第一次/第二次/第三次
intoxication manslaughter or assault $10,000 醉酒过失杀人（开车）
drinking while driving $500 酒后驾车
1st
/ 2nd DUIA by minor
（Driving $500 Under
the
Influence
of
Alcohol
by
minor）
未成人人酒后驾车
1st
conviction no driver’s license $200 第一次无证驾驶
Miscellaneous Numbers 其他数字 minimum tire tread depth = 2/32 of an inch top blood-alcohol concentration in TX is 0.08% when wishing to make a turn signal > 100 ft before turn and be on right lane ? block before turn no belt = 5x more chance injury change of address (move) you have 30 days to report change
红色 停止或禁止 绿色 该方向允许前行 蓝色 服务标志 黄色 警告 黑色 规则 白色 规则 橙色 前方有建设或维修 棕色 景点旅游区
八角形: 停止标志 水平长方形：引导 三角形：避让标志 三角旗形：提醒前方不能超车 菱形：警告前方或路面可能的危险 竖直长方形：规则 五角形：前方有学校 圆形：前方有火车路口
Rules Test 1 规则考试 In a passenger car or truck (with a manufacturer’s rated carrying capacity of not more than 1500 pounds) which of the following must use safety belts? 乘坐客车以及载重量低于 1500 磅的货车，谁应该使用安全带？ all occupants only the driver only the front seat passengers the driver, front seat passengers and back seat passengers under 15 Even if you are not intoxicated and you are under the age of 21 and have any detectable amount of alcohol in your system while operating a motor vehicle, you may be charged with: 酒后驾驶车辆(没有喝醉)的小于 21 岁的司机将被以什么罪名起诉 public intoxication intoxication manslaughter driving under the influence of alcohol by a minor intoxication assault When choosing your drive speed, the most important thing to consider is: 根据什么来选择驾驶速度 the time you have to travel the condition of the other drivers the condition of the car you are driving the condition of the weather, traffic, road, car and driver As you near an intersection you discover you are in the wrong lane for turning right as intended, therefore you should: 临近十字路口时，发现走错道，错过右转的道路时，你应 wait until other cars pass and then get into the proper lane drive on ahead until you can get into the proper lane, then turn at another intersection turn from the lane you are if no cars are coming move quickly into the proper lane What is the first thing that should be done when a motor vehicle starts to skid?
车辆打滑时，你首先应 apply brakes immediately steer in direction of skid and steadily apply brakes steer for the shoulder of the road take your foot off the accelerator and steer in the direction of the skid Under favorable circumstances, including reaction time, a motor vehicle with good brakes, going 50 miles per hour can be stopped within; 时速 50M 的车辆在最佳情况下，多长距离能刹住。
about 55 feet
about 100 feet about 133 feet about 229 feet A person’s license will be automatically suspended if convicted of: 什么情况下，驾驶证会被自动暂停 four or more traffic violations attempting to flee from police possessing a false drivers license failure to maintain financial responsibility Marijuana use will: 服用大麻将会 adversely affect a driver’s concentration, judgment and perceptual skills not affect a driver’s ability to safely operate a vehicle make a driver more alert none of the above The most a person (age 21 or older) will be fined for a first conviction of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, with no death or injury involved is: 第一次醉酒驾车，即便没有造成人员伤亡，也要被罚款 $1,000 $5,000 $3,000 $2,000 Child passenger safety seats are required for all children under the age of: 多大的孩子需要使用安全椅 6 months 1 year 18 months 2 years Your drivers license may be suspended for: 什么情况下，驾驶证可能会被 暂停 any violation of the motor vehicle laws any moving violation of the motor vehicle laws habitual reckless driving causing a minor accident
If a minor (a person under 21) refuses to provide a breath or blood specimen to a police officer, the minor’s drivers license will be suspended for a first time refusal for: 如果未成年人拒绝向警官提供呼吸或血液的标本，第一次违反，驾驶证将被暂停 120 days 90 days
60 days 30 days
跟成人的 6months 不同？ The maximum fine for a first conviction of driving without a valid drivers license is: 第一次无证驾驶将被最高罚款 $100 $200 $50 $500 Including reaction time, the stopping distance is more than 20 feet at 10 miles per hour, at 20 miles per hour it will be: 20M 行驶的车辆需要多长距离刹车，方能完全停下来 30 feet 63 feet 40 feet 75 feet When parking parallel it is best to leave the curb side wheels: 平行泊车时，轮子边缘最好距离路沿石 just touching the curb 6 to 18 inches from the curb 18 to 24 inches from the curb 24 to 30 inches from the curb The lights on your vehicle must be turned on at any time day or night when persons and vehicles cannot be clearly seen for: 当你看不清多远距离的行人和车辆时，应打开车灯 350 feet 750 feet 1,000 feet 1,500 feet A minor’s drivers license (under age of 17) may be suspended for a first offense of driving under the influence of alcohol for: 第一次酒后驾车，未成年人（<17）的驾照将被暂停 1 to 2 years 180 days to 2 years up to 12 months 2 to 4 years
When approaching a green traffic light you should: look both ways as you go ahead carefully watch mainly to the light speed up to avoid holding up traffic watch mainly to the left
Vehicle skids are most likely to be caused by: too much ice or snow on the road air pressure in tires too high air pressure in tires too high driving too fast on slippery roads If you are involved in an injury accident in a city, you must immediately notify: the local police the county sheriff the highway patrol the Justice of Peace If you run off the pavement, you should: steer straight ahead and speed up turn the wheel quickly toward the road apply brakes hard (you will want to!) steer straight and slow down before attempting to return to the pavement When turning left from a three lane, one way street, you should turn from the: right lane center lane left lane either lane If a child ran into the street 60 to 65 feet ahead of your vehicle, what is the highest speed from which you could stop, with good brakes, before hitting him? 20 mph 30 mph 40 mph 50 mph If you must walk on the highway you should: walk on the left side in order to watch the approaching traffic walk on the side that has widest shoulders walk on the right side in order that approaching vehicles may see you better you should never walk on the highway When turning you should give the proper signal:
at least 25 feet before turning at least 50 feet before turning at least 75 feet before turning at least 100 feet before turning In this picture, if you were driving vehicle #1, you should:
try to hold up vehicle #3 so you may turn in front of it try to hold up vehicle #4 so you may turn in front of it wait until is safe to turn always speed up and turn in front of vehicle #4 What do you need to have to be able to drive if you have had your license suspended? you cannot drive at all if you have had your license suspended an essential need license you do not need to have any other document your ID List the number of the vehicle or driver showing a proper right turn signal: 1 3 驾驶员打手势 2 转向灯亮 4 转向灯亮，驾驶员伸头 Rule test 2 When approaching an intersection, bridge or railroad crossing, you should never drive on the left half of the roadway when within: 100 feet 150 feet 200 feet 250 feet The maximum fine for a first non-driving, alcohol-related offense of possession or consumption of alcohol by a minor is: $1,000 $750 $500 $2,000 The headlights must be turned on: only after it gets completely dark 30 minutes after sunset
30 minutes before sunset at sunset 4. A flashing red traffic light means: stop until the green light slow down detour stop, look, and yield before proceeding At 20 miles per hour the average driver, from the moment he sees danger until he hits the brake, will travel about: 10 feet 44 feet 55 feet 88 feet When making a long trip, you should stop for a rest: about every two hours quickly, so as to reduce the time off the highway only when you stop for meals and gas about every four hours or 200 miles The maximum fine for a person age 21 and older who is driving and drinking alcoholic beverage is: $50 $200 $500 $1,000 If a driver (age 21 or older) accidentally runs over and kills someone while DUI of intoxicating liquor, the worst offense with which the driver may be charged is: intoxication manslaughter negligent homicide (causing death by carelessness) drunkenness driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor The maximum daytime speed limit for passenger cars on highway numbered by this state or the United States is: 45 mph 55 mph 70 mph 65 mph
When the vehicle ahead of you stops to let a pedestrian pass in front of it, you should:
sound and horn (immature) overtake to the right (risky) overtake to the left (stupid) stay in line and wait until the vehicle ahead proceeds You may lawfully allow an object to extend beyond the left side of your vehicle: 3 inches 6 inches 9 inches 12 inches On multiple lane highways slow drives should drive: in a middle lane (stay out Bud, I’m here!) in the left-hand lane (passing only now!) in the right-hand lane in whatever lane other slow drivers may be using Stopping a vehicle with good brakes from 20 miles per hour under good conditions requires about: 63 feet including thinking distance 80 feet including thinking distance 128 feet including thinking distance 186 feet including thinking distance When possible, pedestrians should walk: on the side of the road facing traffic on the right side of the road avoiding oncoming traffic on a sidewalk on the side of the road with the lightest traffic Drivers become subject to the liability insurance law when accident damages amount to: $25 to property of one person $50 to property of one person $100 to property of one person at least $1,000 to property of one person It is a violation of State law for pedestrians to: stand in the roadway for the purposes of soliciting a ride cross streets in groups jaywalk on any street in any city (jaywalk: act of crossing streets with traffic in a careless and dangerous way) run while crossing the street
Your drivers license may be suspended for causing: one minor accident one serious accident one near accident 4. two near accidents (the 1st week!) When meeting a school bus which has stopped to pick up or discharge children you must: sound your horn and carefully pass stop; then you may carefully pass at a speed of not over 10 mph stop, wait until the buss has started or you are signaled by the driver to proceed slow down, pass carefully at a speed not over 10 mph After overtaking another motor vehicle on a two-lane road, you can best judge when it is safe to drive back into the right-hand lane by: waiting until you can see the overtaken vehicle in you rear view mirror waiting until you can no longer see the overtaken vehicle on your right waiting one full minute waiting until you can no longer see the overtaken vehicle in you rear view mirror You must give a signal either by hand and arm or by signal device: only at night only if other traffic is affected by your movement anytime you change lanes only if you are driving a car or truck When turning you should give the proper signal: at least 25 feet before turning at least 50 feet before turning at least 75 feet before turning at least 100 feet before turning A green arrow showing a red traffic light means: stop you may go ahead carefully in the direction showed by the arrow
slow down after stopping, you may go ahead in the direction showed by the arrow If you damage an unattended vehicle you must: call a wrecker and have it towed to a garage locate the owner or leave a signed statement on the vehicle stay at the scene until the owner returns advise an officer
If you are being passed, you should: increase your speed blow your horn and wave at the other driver stay in your lane let him hit you and call the officer A person who has been drinking alcoholic beverages will usually: have an accident if he drives have much faster reactions have impaired judgment and coordination fall asleep within an hour In this picture the driver of the vehicle on the two lane street should always yield to the driver of the vehicle on the four lane street take the right-of-way cautiously because he is on the right stop only if there is a stop sign directing him to do so take the right-of-way if he is the first vehicle into the intersection In this picture the driver of the vehicle on the unpaved road should take the right-of-way cautiously because he is on the right yield to the vehicle on the paved road in all instances be prepared to stop if the vehicle on the paved road does not stop only if there is a sign on the unpaved road In an uncontrolled intersection you should give right-of-way to the vehicle that entered the intersection on or from your left
the vehicle that entered the intersection on or from your right the vehicle that entered the intersection first the fastest vehicle
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