不同磷肥施用量对植烟土壤磷有效性及烟叶产量和品质的影响

　　摘 要：为探究磷肥失调对绥阳典型植烟土壤磷有效性及烟叶（CK1）产量和品质的影响，指导该地区烟叶生产合理施磷，并减少环境污染，本文以烤烟K326为研究材料，以不施肥和当地烤烟生产正常施肥量（CK2）为对照，设置一个缺磷处理，即仅不施磷肥而正常施用氮钾肥，一个磷过量处理，即正常施用氮钾肥，施用正常用量2倍的磷肥，2016年在绥阳进行小区对比试验。结果表明：磷肥能促进烟株生长发育，提高烟叶产量，但土壤中磷肥失调，成熟期烟叶经济性状较差，内在化学成分不协调，品质较差；土壤中残留的磷仍具有效性，且各营养元素间存在相互促进和抑制吸收现象；另外，增施磷肥，能显著提高土壤有效磷和无机磷含量，扩大土壤有效磷库；土壤各形态无机磷中，以Fe-P含量最高，达到了16～19mg·kg-1，Al-P含量最少，不足1mg·kg-1；4个处理无机磷总量相对于原始土样的增量分别为21.7、12.0、8.4和7.1%，过量和正常施磷均造成该地区磷肥资源的浪费以及增加环境污染的风险，建议适当降低磷肥施用量长期施用或以当地正常施磷量间歇性施用，但降低磷肥施用时要注意相应地调整氮钾肥的施用量。
　　關键词：磷；失调；土壤磷有效性；产量；烟叶品质
　　中图分类号：S572
　　文献标识码：A
　　文章编号：1008-0457（2017）06-0038-06 国际DOI编码：10.15958/j.cnki.sdnyswxb.2017.06.007
　　Abstract：This study explores the effects of phosphate disorders on the phosphorous availability in typical tobacco soil of Suiyang County， Guizhou Province， in order to guide the reasonable application of phosphorous for the production of tobacco in this region and reduce environmental pollution. The material used was cured tobacco K326. No fertilization and local normal fertilization（CK2） were set as control groups. The experiment included a phosphorus deficiency treatment （i.e. normal nitrogen and potassium fertilizer level but no phosphorus fertilizer） and a phosphorus excess treatment （i.e. normal nitrogen and potassium fertilizer level but twice the phosphorus fertilizer than normal level）. Plot contrast test was carried out in Suiyang County in 2016. The results indicated that phosphorus fertilizer could promote the growth of tobacco and increase tobacco yield， but the phosphate disorders could lead to inferior economic character， incongruous internal chemical components and lower quality. The residual phosphate left in the soil still has efficiency， and the interaction of the elements could promote or inhibit their absorption. In addition， increase of phosphorus fertilizer could improve the content of effective phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus significantly and thus extend the effective phosphorus pools. Among the different inorganic phosphorus types， the content of Fe-P was the highest， reached 16～19 mg·kg-1， while Al-P was the lowest， less than 1 mg·kg-1. The contents of total inorganic phosphate were increased in the four treatments relative to the control group and the increase were 21.7%、12.0%、8.4% and 7.1%， respectively. Both the excess and normal phosphorus fertilizer leads to a waste of phosphorus resources and increase the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore， we suggest appropriate reduction of the phosphorus fertilizer for the long term or intermittent application of normal phosphorus fertilizer. In addition， the use of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers should also be adjusted accordingly while reducing the rates of phosphorus application.

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